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US DOE/NNSA Second Line of Defense
Combating Illicit Trafficking:
Strategy, Technical Tools, and Outlook
2013
Briefing Structure
Program Mission and Strategy
Program Scope and Activities
International Coordination and Collaboration
Future Vision
2
Second Line of Defense
Second Line of Defense:
Program Mission and Strategy
SLD mission is to strengthen the capabilities of partner countries to deter, detect,
and interdict illicit trafficking of special nuclear and other radioactive materials at
international border crossings, including border checkpoints, airports and
seaports, internal locations and other controlled land and maritime borders.
SLD strategy incorporates a threat-based, defense in depth approach to illicit
trafficking that recognizes:
Smuggling of nuclear and other radioactive materials is an ongoing global enterprise
Even a single, viable trafficking network constitutes a serious global security risk
There are currently gaps in the global radiation detection architecture
International coordination and collaboration is imperative to meeting global nuclear
security needs
3
Second Line of Defense
Second Line of Defense:
Program Mission and Strategy
SLD develops partner countries’ capacity to reduce the risk of illicit
trafficking through:
• Deterrence of trafficking in special nuclear and other
radioactive materials by judicious deployment of
fixed and mobile radiation detection equipment.
Detection by instrument alarms and information alerts
including locating, identifying and securing of source during
alarm adjudication.
• Operational training, regulatory development, exercises
and support for interdiction of radioactive materials out
of regulatory control.
4
Second Line of Defense
Second Line of Defense
Capacity Building Approach
PARTNER COUNTRY CAPACITY
SLD maintains
partner capacity
during
Sustainability
phase
SLD refreshes partner
capacity as necessary
during the posttransition phase
SLD builds partner
capacity during the
Implementation
phase
IMPLEMENTATION
SUSTAINABILITY
5
POST-TRANSITION
Second Line of Defense
SLD Scope and Activities:
Implementation
Installation of fixed radiation detection equipment at border checkpoints,
airports, feeder and large container seaports
Site Survey
Equipment Selection
Design and Permitting
Procurement
Construction / Installation of Equipment
Initial Operator and Maintenance Training
Testing
Mobile radiation detection system (MDS) vans are custom designed and
assembled, and all include computer equipment and associated
communications systems for a site-level central alarm station (CAS)
National Communications Systems link sites and provide near real time data
for management oversight of operations, maintenance, and reachback
6
Second Line of Defense
Implementation:
Examples of Secondary Inspection
Equipment
ORTEC
Detective
Flir
IdentiFINDER
Health
and
Safety
Identify
Spectroscopic
Portal
Monitor
Sensor
Technology
Engineering
Radiation Pager
PRD
Search
TSA Survey
Meter
7
Thermo Scientific PackEye
radiation detection backpack
Second Line of Defense
Implementation:
SLD Mobile Detection Systems (MDS)
MDS complements fixed detection
equipment and are a critical component
of SLD’s layered, defense-in-depth
architecture
Powerful nuclear security tool for border
controls and law enforcement
operations
Along “green” borders
Response to intelligence or information
alert related to smuggling activity
Law enforcement sting operations
Backpack
Political boundaries where fixed
equipment installations are impractical,
unauthorized or unwanted.
Temporary replacement for fixed RPM
installation
Major public events
Roadside operations
(white van in foreground)
8
Backpack used in field
training exercise
Second Line of Defense
Implementation:
National Communications System (NCS)
9
Second Line of Defense
Program Scope and Activities:
Sustainability
SLD works with partner countries to develop a sustainable system, supporting their transition (3 to 5
years) to assuming full operational and management responsibilities by providing assistance in the
following areas:
Overall Guidance and Planning Support
Assuming Maintenance Responsibilities
Developing Indigenous Training Capacity
Reviewing System Performance
Encouraging Regional Cooperation
Help Desk trend analysis
Promotes long-term, proficient operations by partner countries
10
Second Line of Defense
Sustainability
Training, Workshops and Field Exercises
• Multi-Phase training takes place both during and after
equipment installation
• SLD collaborates with European Commission Joint
Research Centre and IAEA on development and delivery
of training through a harmonized curricula
• Training available for Front Line Officers (CAS operators,
secondary inspection teams), Maintenance Personnel
and Instructors
• Bilateral and Regional Workshops on Sustainability, to
include regulations development, best practices sharing
• Field training exercises in collaboration with law
enforcement and other international organizations
11
Second Line of Defense
International Coordination and
Collaboration
Partnering with international
terminal operators and other
industry leaders
Partner
Countries
Industry
Build nuclear detection
capability, workshops, exercises,
technical exchanges, regulatory
development
Partnering,
Cost-sharing,
and Technical
Exchanges
Technical exchanges, best
practices, CoE support, joint
training and consulting, joint
exercises, sustainability
partnerships
GNDA, GICNT, workshops
exercises, donor countries
US
Interagency
International
Organizations
12
Second Line of Defense
International Coordination
and Collaboration
Border Monitoring Working Group (BMWG): Proven framework for
collaboration in and coordination of international assistance for nuclear
security implementation and sustainability activities
BMWG page on IAEA website
INTERPOL: SLD staff member detailed to INTERPOL in Lyon, France
EC-JRC and EURATOM: EUSECTRA (European Security Training) uses
HAMMER-like facilities for nuclear security training in Karlsruhe,
Germany and Ispra, Italy
International Guidance: SLD participates in development of international
guidance documents and training curricula by providing subject matter
experts to GICNT and IAEA
BMWG Mobile Workshop
(Warsaw 2012)
Forward Deployed: Five SLD personnel are forward-positioned (Sofia,
London, Tbilisi, Baku, Ispra/JRC)
EUSECTRA in Ispra
13
Second Line of Defense
Technical Exchange
Leverage 15 years international experience
deploying radiation detection systems to bolster
global capability to deter, detect, and interdict illicit
nuclear trafficking
Build capacity through collaborative approach to
assist international partners to plan, implement,
and sustain radiation detection programs
Deliver access to subject matter expert consultation
and collection of program tools (templates, best
practices, document samples) designed to aid
deployment process
14
Second Line of Defense
Summary
SLD and the global community will optimize progress in
combating nuclear smuggling only if:
Detection systems are effectively sustained through strong
joint maintenance and training efforts
Information and experiences related to detection systems
are appropriately shared to facilitate improved monitoring
and deployment approaches
Detection systems are effectively integrated into a partner
country, regional and global strategy for detecting illicit
trafficking
15
Second Line of Defense
Contacts
Elly Melamed
Director, Office of Second Line of Defense
+1.202.586.2216
Elly.Melamed@nnsa.doe.gov
Allison Johnston
Deputy Director, Office of Second Line of Defense
+1.202.586.5661
Allison.Johnston@nnsa.doe.gov
16
Second Line of Defense