Egyptian Parliment .pdf
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Nom original: Egyptian_Parliment.pdf
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Auteur: ksheir
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Aperçu du document
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ
ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ
ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺯﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎل
ﻤﺤﺎﻡ ﻟﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺽ –ﺸﺭﻴﻙ ﻤﺩﻴﺭ
٥
א
א
−א
٧٦١٥١١٩ − ٣٣٦١٦٠١ :
–א
٣٣٦١٦٠٢ :
א
−א
א א
−
٠١٠٢٦٣٧٧٧٣:
abdelmotaal@ammh-lawfirm.com :
١
א
ﻣﻘـــﺪﻣﺔ
ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯﺓ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌل
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﻭﻓﺭ
ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺤـﺭﺍﺭ
ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ( ﻤﻥ
ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺯﺍل ﺴﺎﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺌل
ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻭﺕ ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ ﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺎﺕ
ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻕ )ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻰ ﻜﺭﺘﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺸـﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻻﺯﺍل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺠﺎﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ
ﻭﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﺎﺕ
ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺂﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ.
ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻭﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌل
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻀﺤﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴـﺎ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺘﺠﺏ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
٢
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺪ )ﺇﺣﺼﺎء( ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﲔ
ً
ﺃﻭﻻ -:
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻯ-:
ﺍﻷﺼل ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻴـﺩﺓ ﻤﺸـﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ.
• ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻗﻭﻱ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺴـﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴـﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻘﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﺒﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻥ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ:
-١ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻨﺯﻴﻬﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺘﺯﻭﻴـﺭ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺎﺕ
ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻨـﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻔﺸـﻰ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ.
-٢ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻫﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ،ﻤﻊ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻨﺸﻭﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻑ ﺃﻤﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﺅﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺭﺍﺌﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻐﺏ.
٣
ً
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ-:
ً
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء )ﻋﺪ( ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻟﻜﱰﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ-:
ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ-:
-١ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ.
-٢ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ:
-١ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻴﻔﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ.
-٢ﺍﻷﻋﻁﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩﻫﺎ.
ً
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ-:
ﺍﻟﻌﺪ )ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء( ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻵﱄ-:
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻗﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻟﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺯﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻔﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﻟﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ:
-١ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ.
-٢ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ:
-١ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺤﺼﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ.
٤
ً
ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ:
ً
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ:
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺴـﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ:
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺘـﻪ ﺴـﻬل
ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ.
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ:
-١ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ.
-٢ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻌﻁل ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ.
-٣ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺠل ﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ.
ً
ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ:
ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ-:
ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ.
ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻲ:
-١ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺎﺴـﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴـﺔ
)ﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ( ﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺼﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﻜﻭﺩﻯ ﺴﺭﻯ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺘﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻋـﻥ ﻏﻴــﺭﻩ
) (Pin Numberﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ) (Credit Cardﻭﻴﺘﺴـﻠﻡ ﺍﻟـﺭﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻴـﺩ ﺃﻭ
ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ )ﻤﺸﻔﺭﺓ( ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
٥
ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺜﺒﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻭﺜﻘﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺩﻭل
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ ﻴـﺘﻡ
ﻤﺴﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺎﺴـﺢ ﻀـﻭﺌﻲ
ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺎل ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻭﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﺈﻨﺘﺤﺎل ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ.
-٢ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ
ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻭﻓﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺕ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴـﺘﻡ
ﺩﺭﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل.
-٣ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸـﺢ
ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭ
ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﺍﻜـﺭﺓ
ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅـﺔ ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻟـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﻓﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺩ ﻭ
ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ...ﺇﻟﺦ.
-٤ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻼ.
ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﻗﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
-٥ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻭﺘﺘـﺎﺡ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺠﺸﻡ ﻤﺸـﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺒﻴﺭ..ﺇﻟﺦ ،ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﻓـﻰ
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺕ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻜﻭﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺴﺭﻯ
٦
ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺤـﺎل
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺭﺍﺽ.
-٦ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻤﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺇﺴـﺘﺌﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ
ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻭﺭﺍﺕ.
-٧ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺃﻤﻨﻴﺔ
ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤـﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ
ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ.
-٨ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﺩﻴل ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻤـﻊ
ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻗـﺩ
ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ
ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ.
-٩ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻜل ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤـﻥ
ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ.
-١٠ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻜل ﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻓـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺇﻴﺼﺎل ﺭﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ،ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒـﻪ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻭﺕ ﻭﺴـﺎﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺠﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﻌـﻥ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺩﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺎﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻪ
ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﻱ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺩﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻀﺌﻴل ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻁل ﺃﻭ ﺨﻁـﺄ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺇﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻹﻴﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ
ﻭﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﻌﻴﺔ.
٧
ﺍﻷﺭﺍء ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ-:ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻰ-:
-١ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻁﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﻁل ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ.
-٢ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺯﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺩﺨل
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ )ﻓﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ –ﻗﻨﺎﺒل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺤـﺎل ﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ ﺃﻭ
ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺨﻠﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀـﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ
ﻤﺸﻐﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻡ.
-٣ﻤﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻘﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ.
ﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻋﻡ-:ﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ-:
-١ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ) (Audio & Videoﺒﻴﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ.
-٢ﻓﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒـﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺎل ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻪ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻭﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺘﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ
ﺃﻴﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ.
-٣ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻴﺔ ) (Back Up Systemsﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺃ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﻤـﺎﻻﺕ
ﻟﻔﺸل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻁﻠﻪ.
-٤ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ
ﻴﺩﺭﺃ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ
ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﻴﺔ.
٨
-٥ﺇﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻴل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻟﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺴـﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺸـﺭﺍﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ.
-٦ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻭﻨـﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ٢٠٠٧ﻟﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ VSS
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
-٧ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻴﺼﺎل ﺭﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ
ﻼ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﺤﻴﺤﺔ
ﻓﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ
ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺨﺏ.
ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ
"ﺇﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﻏﻴـﺎﺏ
ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨ ﹰﺎ".
ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ
An index of articles on vote counting (http://www.aceproject.org/ace)en/topics/vc/topic_index) from the ACE Project (http://www.aceproject.org
guide to designing and administering elections
Harvard Professor of Computer Science ''Avi Rubin's'' investigation of the
Diebold Voting machines used in many (inc. US) elections
)(http://avirubin.com/vote.pdf
٩
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ
ﺇﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ E-Votingﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺠـﺎﻤﻊ ﻴﺸـﻤل
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻴﺸﻤل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻷﻜﺸﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ،ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ...ﺇﻟﺦ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺸـﻤل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﹰﺎ ﻨﻅـﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ" ﺃﻭﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻔـﺭﺩ
ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜل ﺸﺨﺹ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﺒﻊ ﻭﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺸـﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺼـﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻯ .(DNA
ﻣﺪﺧﻞ -:
ﺇﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﺭﻴﻥ ﻋـﻥ
ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺜﻘﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺜﻘﺒـﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺜﻘﻭﺒـﹰﺎ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭ ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ
ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺤﺭﻙ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺎ( ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﺈﻨﻬـﺎ ﻨﻅـﻡ
ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻋﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺱ ﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﺒـﺎﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻠﻡ ﻀﻭﺌﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ " ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﺃﺯﺭﺍﺭ
ﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ" .ﻟﻘﺩ ﺇﻜﺘﺴـﺒﺕ ﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨـﻰ ﺸـﻌﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺩﻭل ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨـﻰ
ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ .ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺇﺘﺴـﻊ
ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ " ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺴـﺎﻋﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜـﺎ ﻓـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ" ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
١٠
١١
ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ -:
•
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ -:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻷﺼـﻭﺍﺕ )ﻭﻤـﻥ
ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ( ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺴـﺎﺌﻁ ﻭﺭﻗﻴـﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ
ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻘﻠﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﺒﻬﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭ/ﺃﻭ ﺴﺠل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻰ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺜﻘﺏ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻤﺜﻘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻼﻓـﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ
ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤـل ﻟﻠﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ )ﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ +ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ +ﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ( ﻨﻅﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﻜﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺯ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ،
ﻻ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺘﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤـل ﻴﺒـﺩﺃ ﻤـﻥ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ
ﻭﺭﺼﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺒﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ.
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ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
)-: Direct-Recording Electronic Voting System (DRE
ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ
ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻠﻤﺱ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺯﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻠﻡ ﻀـﻭﺌﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸﺎﺸـﺔ
ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎﺴﺢ ﺤﻴﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻰ ) (Biometric-Scanﺴﻭﺍﺀ
ﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻤﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺼـﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻤﺽ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻯ ) D.N.Aﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻴﺴﻠﻨﺩﺍ ﺤﺼﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬﺎ( ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌـﺔ
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ﻜﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ +ﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﺒﻊ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴـﺔ ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ
ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ.
ﺜﻡ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻰ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ
ﻭﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻰ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ
ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﻴﺴﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻴﺭﺴـل ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘـﹰﺎ
ﻭﺘﻭﺜﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
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ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ
)"-: (Public Network Direct-Recording Electronic Voting System "PNDREVS
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ -ﺇﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ -ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ
ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔـﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻓـﻰ ﺸـﻜل
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﻤـﻊ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻤﺤﻁـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﻗـﻊ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤـﻥ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﺒﺈﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ ،ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺼﻭﺘﻪ :ﺇﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴـﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻭ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺁﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨـﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻹﻨﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻤﻤﺜﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻫﻤﻴﻥ
ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ .ﺇﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﻤﺜل :ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻴﺭﻟﻨﺩﺍ ،ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﺍ ،ﺇﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ .ﻓﻔﻰ
ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﺍ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻤﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻔﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺩﻻﺀ ﺒﺼﻭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻯ ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺁﻟﻰ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﻓﻰ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ.ﻭﻟﻌل ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل
ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ،ﻷﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺸـﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻤﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻟﻰ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﻭﺝ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ،ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺁﻟﻰ +ﻗﺎﺭﻯﺀ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ +
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺭﻗﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ.
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•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ -:
ﺇﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺒل ُﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﺎل ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﹰﺎ
ﻭﺇﺭﺴﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ.
•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ -:
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨـﺏ
ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺭﺼﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺏ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺘﺼـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﹰﺎ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ -:
ﺃﻗﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل -:ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﺍ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻤﺒـﺩﺃ ﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺴﺭﻯ "ﻜﻭﺩ"
ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻫﻭﻴـﺔ ﺫﻜﻴـﺔ
ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل
ﻗﺎﺭﻯﺀ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ -:
ﻓﻰ ﻅل ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔـﻭﻥ
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻨﻰ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﹰﺎ
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ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺼﻭﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻰ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ، ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ
،ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺴﺭﻯ "ﻜﻭﺩ" ﺃﻭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ
.ﻭﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ
:• ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺃﺼـﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ
. ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ٨ ﺤﺘﻰ٤ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﳌﺼــــﺎﺩﺭ
1. ^ Bellis, Mary. The History of Voting Machines
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111300b.htm About.com
2. ^ a b "Protecting the Integrity and Accessibility of Voting in 2004 and Beyond.
http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=14581People for the American
Way
3. ^ Election Incident Reporting System
https://voteprotect.org/index.php?display=EIRMapNation&tab=ED04&cat=02&start_
time=&start_date=&end_time=&end_date=&search
4. ^ Thompson, Ken (August 1984) Reflections on Trusting Trust
http://www.acm.org/classics/sep95/
5. ^ Lombardi, Emanuele electronic voting and Democracy http://www.electronicvoting.org/
6. ^ Greg Lucas, "State bans electronic balloting in 4 counties; Touch-screen firm
accused of 'reprehensible,' illegal conduct", San Francisco Chronicle (May 1, 2004)
http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/05/01/MNG036EAF91.DTL
7. ^ Hardy, Michael (Mar. 3, 2004). California nixes e-voting.
http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2004/0503/web-evote-05-03-04.asp FCW.com.
http://www.fcw.com/
8. ^ State of California Secretary of State (February 17, 2006). Approval of use of
Diebold Election Systems, Inc.
http://www.ss.ca.gov/elections/voting_systems/diebold_cert.pdf
9.
^ "Legislative Committee Resolution Awaiting BOD Approval".
http://www.aitp.org/newsletter/2004julaug/index.jsp?article=evoteside.htm (July
2004). Information Executive http://www.aitp.org/newsletter
10. ^ Oriez , Charles (July 2004). "In Search of Voting Machines We Can Trust".
http://www.aitp.org/newsletter/2004julaug/index.jsp?article=evote.htm Information
Executive http://www.aitp.org/newsletter
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ-:
• ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ )Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT
ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟـﻭﺭﻗﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﺘـﺭﺍﻉ ) Voter Verified Paper Ballot (VVPBﻭﻫﻤـﺎ
ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁل ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﺩﻭﻴـﺔ
ﻨﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻭﺕ ﻭﻴﺤـﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬـﺎ
ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ
ﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
ﺒﺎﻹﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ.
• ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ -:Voter Verified Audit Trail
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺇﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ ) (VVATﻭﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ
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ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ.ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ) (VVPATﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﻋﻤـ ﹰ
ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ-:
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ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻌـﺎﺕ
ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﻴﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ
ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ Mercuri Methodﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎﻩ -:
-١ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻁﻌﻥ .
-٢ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻰ ﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﻋـﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ.
-٣ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻅل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ.
-٤ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﻗﻭﻤﻪ ﺒﻜﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻔﺭ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ
ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺴـﻼﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ.
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
) AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project (http://www.electionreformproject.org/
]http://www.verifiedvoting.org Verified Voting.org
ProCon.org's Extensive VVPAT Overview
)(http://www.votingmachinesprocon.org/subvervvpat.htm
) Manual Count Audits (http://www.coloradovoter.net/moin.cgi/ManualCountAudit
– how to actually audit using Voter Verified Paper Audit Trials
Voter Verified e-voting explained (http://www.free)project.org/resolution/explain.html)- (FREE Project & FIPR
Questions and expert answers on VVPATs (http://www.votingmachines
procon.org/subvervvpat.htm)-Voting Machines ProCon.org
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ
ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟـﺫﺍﺕ ﺒـﺂﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ
ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﻴﺼﺎل ﺭﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻭﺕ
ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ )ﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘـﹰﺎ
ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﻭﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ( ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻰ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ.
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٧٥ﺘﻡ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﺇﺘﻔـﺎﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻜـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫـﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﺇﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ
)ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ( ﻭﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻹﺘﻔـﺎﻕ
ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻪ "ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ" ،ﺃﻋﻘﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻗﻴـﺎﻡ ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ
ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﺥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻰ ﺒﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻭﻀـﻊ
ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ
ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻪ " :ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ" ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٨٤
ﻭﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩٠ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ
، ٢٠٠٢ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ
ﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ) ، (NASADﺤﻴـﺙ ﺇﺴـﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺫﻟـﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻰ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺠﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺤـﺹ
ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺩﺭﺕ ) (NASADﻗﺎﺌﻤـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻵﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ،ﺜـﻡ ﻗﺎﻤـﺕ ﻟﺠﻨـﺔ ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ
١٩
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺒﻭﻀـﻊ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬـﺎﺕ
ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴـﺔ٢٠٠٥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﺴـﻭﻑ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ٢٠٠٧ ﺘﺴﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ
.ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﺼـــﺎﺩﺭ
US Election Assistance Committee (http://www.eac.gov/)
2002 Voting Systems Standards (http://www.eac.gov/election_resources/vss.html)
National Institues of Standards and Technology and the Help America Vote Act
(HAVA) (http://vote.nist.gov/)
Voting System Certification & Laboratory Accreditation
(http://www.eac.gov/voting_sys_cert.htm)
National Association of State Election Directors (http://www.nased.org/)
Federal Election Commission official website (http://www.fec.gov/)
ProCon Testing Overview (http://www.votingmachinesprocon.org/subtesttrans.htm)
AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project (http://www.electionreformproject.org/)
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ً
ﺃﻭﻻ -:
ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ -:
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ.
• ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ :
ﺘﻡ ﺇﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨـﺩ
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺸﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺘﻬﻡ
ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺸـﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩٨ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ .ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﻯ ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻴﻥ"ﺁﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ" ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺒﻘﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻫﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻜﺎﺒل ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ
ﺤﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ( ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ
ﻤﺤﺼﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻜﺴﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺤﻪ ﺘﻔﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﺎﺒـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ.
• ﺧﻮاص اﻵﻟﺔ-:
-١ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻵﻟﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ٦ﻓﻮﻟﺖ.
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-٢آﻞ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻻت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ٣٨٤٠ﺻﻮت .
-٣اﻵﻻت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺪرج ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ٦٤ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ،وﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ٦٤ﺗﻀﺎف ﺁﻻت إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ
ﻓﻴﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﻮت ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ.
-٤ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻃﺒﻘ ًﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻵﻟﺔ أن ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﻮت اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰر أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة ﻓﺈذا ﻣﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺰر ﺿﻐﻄﺔ
واﺣﺪة ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺼﻮت وﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻵﻟﺔ ﺁﻟﻴ ًﺎ )أى ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺼﻮت( ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ
اﻟﺬى ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺒﺪأ ))ﺻﻮت واﺣﺪ ﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ واﺣﺪ((.
-٥ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻵﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ )اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ( واﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ٥٥٠٠روﺑﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﻳﺔ وأدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ.
-٦اﻵﻻت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة وﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ وﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ.
-٧ﺣﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﻚ اﻵﻻت ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة أو إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت دوارﻩ أو إﺳﺘﺨﺪام
ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻣﺰورة ..إﻟﺦ.
-٨ﺗﺴﺠﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ذاآﺮﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺪة ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ١٠أﻋﻮام وأى ﻋﺒﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ أو اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻳﺆدى
إﻟﻰ ﻓﺴﺎد اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ.
-٩ﻳﺆدى إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺁﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﻈﻴﺔ رﺻﺪ وﺧﺮوج اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ.
-١٠ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻵﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻵﻻت اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ
ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ واﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺮ.
• ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ:
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺠـﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺈﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﻘﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺃﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﺒل ﺒﺩﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
٢٢
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻴـﺔ
ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ .ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ ﻤﻁﺒـﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻜﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸـﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ )ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺨﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺸـﺎﻡ(
ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻜل ﺁﻟﺔ ) (ID Numberﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺒﺂﻟﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻴﻀـﺊ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﺃﺤﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴـﺠل
ﺴﻤﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺼﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﻓﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴـﺔ
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﺴـﺘﺤﻴل
ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺁﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ
ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉ ﻤﺴﺠل ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﻬـﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺤﻭﺯﺓ ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸـﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﻟﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ.
٢٣
ﺍﳌﺼــــﺎﺩﺭ
The Bombay Ballot: What the U.S. can learn from India's electronic voting
machines. Slate.com Article (http://www.slate.com/id/2107388/) ''dated'' 29
September 2004, ''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
Electronic Voting Machine: An Electronic Marvel. Indian-Elections.com Article
(http://www.indian-elections.com/electoralsystem/electricvotingmachine.html)
''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
Gearing up for India's Electronic Election. BBC Article
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3493474.stm) ''dated'' 27 February 2004,
''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
Global lessons in e-voting News.com Article
(http://news.com.com/Global+lessons+in+e-voting/2009-1008_3-5387540.html0
''dated'' 30 September 2004, ''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
A voting revolution in India? Businessweek Article
(http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_16/b3879074.htm) ''dated'' 19
April 2004, ''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
Indian elections enter final phase. Guardian Article
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,12559,1213396,00.html) ''dated'' 10 May
2004, ''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
Article related to voting by ballot paper in The New York Times
(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4DE1E38F93AA15751C1A9
62948260) ''dated'' 29 December 1984, ''accessed'' 14 May 2006.
٢٤
ً
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ -:
ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ
ﻭﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ -:
• ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻰ-:
ﻻ ﻓﻰ ٣١ﻤـﺎﻴﻭ ٢٠٠٠ﺃﻀـﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ١٨ﻓﻘـﺭﺓ )(١
ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﺩ ﹰ
ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ " -:ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ" ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻓﺼﺤﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻋـﻥ ﻗﻴـﺎﻡ ﻤﺴـﺌﻭل
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻠـﺔ )ﺨـﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌل
ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ( ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﺥ
ﻭﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺏ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ-:
ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻜل ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ-:
ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻜل ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ
٢٠٠٦ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺘﺭﺒﻭﺭﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﻨﺘﺎﺭﻴﻭ Peterborough, Ontarioﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﻬـﺎﻡ Markhamﻋـﺎﻡ ٢٠٠٣ﻭﺒﻠﺩﻴـﺔ
ﺇﺩﻤﻨﺘﻭﻥ Edmontonﻋﺎﻡ ٢٠٠٤ﻭﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﻭﺒﻴﻙ Quebecﻋﺎﻡ ٢٠٠٥ﻭﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﺴﻭﺭ Windsor
ﻋﺎﻡ .٢٠٠٢
٢٥
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
Elections Canada (http://www.elections.ca/)
Elections Ontario (http://www.electionsontario.on.ca/)
Office of the Chief Electoral Officer (OCEO) New Brunswick
(http://www.gnb.ca/elections/)
DGEQ - Quebec 2005 municipal elections
(http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/municipales2005_en/)
List of all provincial election offices] including clickable map
(http://www.gnb.ca/elections/electionlinks-e.asp)
Paper Vote Canada (http://blog.papervotecanada.ca/) a blog about electronic voting
issues in Canada
Access, Integrity and Participation: Towards Responsive Electoral Processes for
Ontario (http://www.electionsontario.on.ca/usr_files/election_report_2003_en.pdf)
ACCÈS, INTÉGRITÉ ET PARTICIPATION : vers des processus électoraux
souples pour l’Ontario
(http://www.electionsontario.on.ca/usr_files/election_report_2003_fr.pdf)
Ontario Democratic Renewal Secretariat
(http://www.democraticrenewal.gov.on.ca/)
What If They Hold A Vote And No One Shows Up?
(http://www.backbonemag.com/php_site/home.php?m_column_id=php_news/wmvie
w.php?ArtID=789) Backbone Magazine article about Markham Internet voting
Edmonton Vote 2004 > Advance Vote
(http://www.edmonton.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_272_214_0_43/htt
p%3B/CMSServer/COEWeb/city+government/municipal+elections/advance+vote/def
ault.htm)
Canada unlikely to imitate U.S. e-voting effort: experts
(http://www.itbusiness.ca/index.asp?theaction=61&lid=1&sid=57193&adBanner=eG
overnment)
Global Election Announces (2000) Year-End System Sales; Increased Revenues
(http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2000_July_25/ai_63663824)
Canada Legal Information Institute (CanLII) Canada Elections Act, 2000, c. 9 >>
18.1 Electronic voting process (http://www.canlii.org/ca/sta/e-2.01/sec18.1.html)
NB ponders e-voting
(http://www.globetechnology.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040513.gtnbnb0513/BNS
tory/Technology/&ord=1100364966203&brand=globetechnology&force_login=true)
"Globe and Mail'' May 13, 2004
Vote Tabulation Machine Use in the City of Saint John
(http://www.gnb.ca/elections/04mun/04munvotetab-e.asp] Office of the Chief
Electoral Officer, Government of New Brunswick
Bell Business Solutions - Elections made simple
(http://businesssolutions.bell.ca/default.aspx?tabid=247] supplied machines in 2005
Quebec municipal election)
٢٦
ً
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ -:
ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ
-: State of Geneva – Switzerland
ﺇﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﻨﻴﻑ )ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﻨﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻨﺘﻭﻥ( ﻫﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ
ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻭﻨﻔﺫﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻨﻅﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﺒـﺭ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻅﻡ ،ﻤﻨﺫ ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ ﺴﻨﺔ ، ٢٠٠٣ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒـﻕ ﻓـﻰ ﺠﻨﻴـﻑ ﻗـﺩ ﺇﺘﺒﻌﺘـﻪ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻭﺘﻴﻥ
ﺩﻭﻨﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺸـﻔﺭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺘﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﺸـﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﺒﺎﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ
ﻤﺅﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﻨﻴﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜـﺔ
ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺭﻜـﺯ
ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﻨﻴﻑ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻭﻨﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ HPﻭﺸﺭﻜﺔ .Wisekeyﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ
ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻋﺒـﺭ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﺍ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ .
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
http://www.geneve.ch/evoting/english/welcome.asp
٢٧
ً
ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ -:
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ -:
ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ، ٢٠٠٤ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻤﻐﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﺔ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﻠﻤـﹰﺎ
ﻀﻭﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻐﻨﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻰ ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺈﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﻴﺼـﻭﺕ ﺸـﻬﺎﺩﺓ
ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺇﻴﺼـﺎل ﻭﺭﻗـﻰ
ﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ.
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
[1] PourEva (http://www.poureva.be/, Pour une Ethique du Vote Automatisé
)Retrieved from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Belgium
٢٨
ً
ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ -:
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ -:
ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ، ١٩٩٦ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﺍﺯ IBM 80836ﻤﻌﺩل ﻹﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻜﺂﻟـﺔ ﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ، ٢٠٠٠ﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴـﺔ ﺁﻟـﺔ ﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺕ
ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل .ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ، Linuxﻭﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺁﻟـﺔ
ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴـل
ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺘﻬـﺎ ﻤﺜـل ﺩﻭل
ﺒﺎﺭﺍﺠﻭﺍﻯ ﻭﺇﻜﻭﺍﺩﻭﺭ.
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
) Electionworld (http://www.electionworld.org/brazil.htm
) Adam Carr's Election Archive (http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/b/brazil/
Simulated voting machine
(http://www.tse.gov.br/eleicoes/urna_eletronica/simulacao_votacao/UrnaApplet2.htm
)Portuguese)Courtesy of the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court website. (Java
)required
٢٩
ً
ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ -:
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ -:
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻫـﻰ ﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ
ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺩﻤﺠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤـل
ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ )ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻹﺜﺒـﺎﺕ
ﻫﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ( .ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴـﺩ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺨﻴـﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ
ﻓﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺩ ﻭﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ))ﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ((.
ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
See the material on the homepage of the Estonian National Electoral Committee:
http://www.vvk.ee/engindex.html
Main statistics (source: [3] (http://www.vvk.ee/english/report2006.pdf)Table 11,
)p 27
٣٠
ﺧﺎﲤـــــﺔ
ﺇﻥ ﺼﻔﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﻤﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺱ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ))ﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻨﺎﺨﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ(( ﺃﻯ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ
ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﺘﻴﺴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻰ ﻤﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻫـﻭ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺴـﻠﻁﺔ
ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌـﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺯﻴـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﻴﺩ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ
ﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﻀﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ
ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ
ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﺼ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ ،ﻨﻅﺭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹰﺎ.
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ﻓﻬـــــــــﺮﺱ
א
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ
١
٢
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻯ
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• ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
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• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ :ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ )ﻋﺩ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴ ﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ
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٣
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
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ﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹰﺎ -:ﺍﻟﻌﺩ )ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ
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• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
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ﺭﺍﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ :ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴ ﹰﺎ
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• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ
٣
٤
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ
٤
• ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
ﺨﺎﻤﺴ ﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ
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ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ
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ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ
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ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ
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ﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻋﻡ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼــــﺎﺩﺭ
٨
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ -:ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ
٩
ﻤﺩﺨل -:
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ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
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•
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ
•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ
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١٠
)Direct-Recording Electronic Voting System (DRE
•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ
Public Network Direct-Recording Electronic Voting
"System "PNDREVS
•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ
•
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺩ )ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ( ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ
•
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ
•
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ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ
ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ-:
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ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ
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• ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل
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• ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺴﻼﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼـــﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ :ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ -:ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ
١٨
• ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ
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• ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ
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• ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ:
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼــــﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ -:ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻨﺩﺍ
• ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﺭﺍﻟﻰ
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• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ
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• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹰﺎ -:ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﻨﻴﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﺍ
State of Geneva – Switzerland
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺭﺍﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ -:ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺨﺎﻤﺴ ﹰﺎ -:ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺴﺎﺩﺴ ﹰﺎ -:ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺎ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺼــﺎﺩﺭ
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ﺨﺎﺘﻤـــﺔ
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