ملخص المناعة كامل س3 ثانوي .pdf

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﻫﲏ ‪.‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪( 04‬‬

‫اﻻﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ؟‬
‫‪Soi et Non Soi‬‬
‫<<]‪:l]ƒøÖ]æ<l]„Ö‬‬
‫‪< <JDl]ƒøÖ]E<^ãßÂ<ífè†ÇÖ]<l^ÞçÓ¹]æ<l]„Ö^e<í‘^¤]<l^ÞçÓ¹]<°e<ˆééÛjÖ]<íèç–ÃÖ]<ÄéŞjŠi‬‬
‫‪ * HLA * CMH<V<êâæ<ÜŠ¢]<^èø}<íéÆ_<î×Â<íÖçÛ]æ<†ËÖ^e<í‘^¤]<íéñ^ÇÖ]<l^ò舢]<àÚ<íÂçÛr²<l]„Ö]<͆Ãi<I‬ﻋﻨﺪ<]÷‪<Já^ŠÞ‬‬
‫‪< <J<Rhesus<{Ö]<Ý^¿Þ<æ<ABO<Ý^¿Þ<æ‬‬
‫‪< <V<HLA <{Ö]<l^òèˆq<<CMH<<{Ö]<K1‬‬
‫* ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﺒﻴﺪﻳﺘﲔ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺠﲔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱃ ‪ :‬ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ) ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ( ‪ +‬ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬

‫]‪<Äñ^Ú<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<êñ^ŠËéŠÊ<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V<êÖçé]<ð^ÇÖ‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻮرة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫) اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎع(‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‬
‫ﲤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱃ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱃ ‪ :‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻠﻌﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ) ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ( ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ComplexeMajeurdHistocompatibilite : CMH :‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ‪HLA :‬‬

‫<‬

‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ)‪:( CMH‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺛﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑـ‪HLA :‬‬

‫]‪<<Víq†~jŠ¹]<l^Úç×ù‬‬

‫<‬

‫ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HLA‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻼﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺔ‬‫ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑـ ‪ CMH‬ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻢ‬‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ) ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ (‬‫‪ /2‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ) ABO‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ = ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﺪ = ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﺍﺻﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ = ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Anti B‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻡﺨﻄﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺪم‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪AB‬‬
‫ﺑﺎهﻤﺎل اﻟﺮیﺰوس‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Anti A‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ ‪B‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫•‬
‫•‬

‫‪AB‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ ‪A‬ﻭ ‪B‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬

‫‪O‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬

‫ﺿﺪ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪B‬‬

‫‪Anti A+B‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪: ABO‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ )ﲬﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﳛﺪﺩﻩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺳﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮﺓ )‪ ( O‬ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮﺓ ) ‪ ( A‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﰲ ‪GALNAC :‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮﺓ ‪ AB‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﰲ ‪ GAL :‬ﻭ ‪GALNAC‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮﺓ ) ‪ (B‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﰲ ‪GAL‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪: ABO‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ABO‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪09‬‬

‫‪A O‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻟﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺛﺔ ‪I i . IAI A‬‬

‫‪B B‬‬

‫‪B o‬‬

‫‪I i . I I‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪A B‬‬

‫‪I I‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪o o‬‬

‫‪ii‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫یﻌﻄﻴﺎن اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫یﻌﻄﻴﺎن اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫یﻌﻄﻴﺎن اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬
‫‪AB‬‬

‫یﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬
‫‪O‬‬

‫‪ /3‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﺱ ‪ ( Rhesus ):‬ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ ‪ D‬ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﺱ ) ‪( Rh+‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﺱ ) ‪،( Rh‬ﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪01‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪Rh+‬‬

‫‪Rh‬‬

‫}‪<<V<í‘ø‬‬

‫<‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ )‪ ( CMH‬ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ABO‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﺱ ‪. Rh‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺫﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮرة ﺕﻮﺿﺢ ‪ :‬ﺕﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺤﺪدات ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻀﺪ‬

‫‪‚–jŠ¹]<l]‚¦<î×Â<͆ÃjÖ]<ц<<<<V<^éÞ^m‬‬
‫]‪<D<íéŞ×}<íéÂ^ßÚ<íe^rj‰]<E<<V<íèç–ÃÖ]<àÂ<Å^Ê‚×Ö<±æù]<íÖ^£‬‬

‫<‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ = ﺟﺴﻢ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ= ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ) ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ(‬

‫ﺗﻮﻛﺴﲔ =ﺳﻢ ‪ /‬ﺍﻧﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﲔ =ﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫‪< <Vsñ^jßÖ]<ŠËi‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ :(1‬ﻋﺪم ﻡﻮت اﻟﺤﻴﻮان )‪ (1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺡﻘﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮآﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺰازي ﻥﺘﻴﺠﺔ اآﺘﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻡﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫)ﺡﺼﺎﻥﺔ(ﺿﺪ اﻟﺘﻮآﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺰازي‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ)‪ :(2‬ﻋﺪم ﻡﻮت اﻟﻔﺄر )‪ (2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺡﻘﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮآﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺰازي یﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺮﺵﺎﺡﺔ ﺕﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺝﺰیﺌﺎت دﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ أآﺴﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان )‪ (2‬ﻡﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮآﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺰازي‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ :(3‬ﻡﻮت اﻟﺤﻴﻮان )‪ (3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺡﻘﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮآﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺰازي یﺪل ﺑﺄن اﻟﺮﺷﺎﺡﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﻡﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫)ﺡﺼﺎﻥﺔ( ﻟﻐﻴﺎب اﻟﺠﺰیﺌﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻥﺎﺗﻮآﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮق اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻞ‬
‫]‪<V<í’×~jŠ¹]<l^Úç×ù‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪15‬یﻮم‬

‫<‬

‫‪ - :<D2Eæ<D1E<íÖ^£]<àÚ‬ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ )ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ VD3E<íÖ^£]<àÚ‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺮﺿﺖ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻇﻬﻮر ﻗﻮس ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪(1‬و)‪ (2‬و)‪(1‬و)‪ (6‬یﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬
‫ﻡﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات اﻟﻤﻮﺝﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﺗﻴﻦ )‪ (2‬و)‪ (6‬ﻓﻘﻂ وﻋﺪم ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻡﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻥﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺡﺮض‬
‫اﻥﺘﺎﺝﻬﺎ‬

‫‪<Vì^–¹]<Ý^Šqù]<íéße‬‬

‫<‬
‫‪ì^–¹]<Ý^Šqù]<íÃéf‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪4‬ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﲔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﲔ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺘﲔ‪،‬ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﲜﺴﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﲜﺴﻮﺭﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ )ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ(‬
‫ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﲔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﳘﺎ‬
‫ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﺝﺰیﺌﺎت دﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ذات ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺏﺮوﺕﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻡﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﻠﻮﺏﻴﻠﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.Immuno‬‬
‫‪( Ig ) globiuline‬‬

‫‪JêÂ^ß¹]<‚Ïù]<V<^nÖ^m‬‬
‫]¾‪<äq^jÞ]<š†u<ë„Ö]<‚–jŠ¹^e<^–¹]<ÜŠ¢]<½^fi…]<àÚ<si^Þ<gÒ†Ú<çâ<êÂ^ß¹]<‚Ïù]<VêÂ^ß¹]<‚Ïù]<ØÓi<…^ã‬‬

‫<‬

‫‪VêÂ^ß¹]<‚Ïù]<ØÓi<íéËéÒ‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﳏﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﻓﻴﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ – ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪<ÜjéÖ<Däjé<¼éfniE<‚–jŠ¹]<<ÙçÃËÚ<Ù^Şec<±c<ëöè<êÂ^ßÚ<‚ÏÃÚ<ØÓi<<V<ì^–¹]<Ý^Šqù]<íËé¾æ‬‬
‫]‪< <íÛÃ×fÖ]<ì†â^¾<Ðè†<àÂ<êÂ^ß¹]<‚Ïù]<àÚ<“×~jÖ‬‬

‫ﺕﺘﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ وﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺮاﺡﻞ اﻻﺕﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.............../5 .................../4 ................ /3 ................/2 ............../1‬‬

‫‪< <Vl]‚–jŠ¹]<Ì×j§<î×Â<ì^–¹]<Ý^Šqù]<ÙçÃËÚ‬‬
‫]÷…‪ V”^’i‬هﻮ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات اﻟﺨﻠﻮیﺔ)ﺑﻜﺘﺮیﺎ ‪ ،‬ك‪.‬د‪.‬ح ‪(... ،‬‬
‫]‪ V<gé‰Ö‬هﻮ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻠﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺥﻠﻮیﺔ( ﻡﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺳﻜﺮ‪..‬‬

‫]÷…‪< <ì…^fÂ<<gé‰Ö]æ<”^’i‬‬
‫‪<‚–jŠ¹]<ÙçÃËÚ<ØŞfi<íéÂ^ßÚ<l]‚ÏÃÚ‬‬

‫<‬

‫‪<Vì^–¹]<Ý^Šqù]<…‚’Ú‬‬

‫<‬

‫اﻟﻬﺪف‪:‬‬
‫* ﻡﺼﺪراﻷﺝﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻡﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻴﺔ )اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻮﺱﻴﺖ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ آﺒﻴﺮ وهﻴﻮﻟﻰ‬
‫آﺜﻴﻔﺔ وﺝﻬﺎزآﻮﻟﺠﻲ ﻡﺘﻄﻮر وﺡﻮیﺼﻼت آﺜﻴﺮة‬
‫*ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﺒﻼزﻡﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺎیﺰ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺔ ‪ ) B‬ﺕﻨﺸﺄ ‪ LB‬ﻓﻲ ﻥﻘﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم وﺕﻨﻀﺞ ﻓﻴﻪ (‬
‫*ﻥﻀﺞ ‪ : LB‬ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ ﻡﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ BCR‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺝﻲ‪.‬‬

‫]÷‪<D<LBE<l^èæ^ËÛ×Ö<ê×éŠßÖ]<ð^ÏjÞ‬‬
‫<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<‪<l]„Ö]<l]‚¦<ÄÚ<^èçÎ<^^fi…]<ØÓi<Ö]<íèæ^ËÛ×Ö]<^èø¤]<VDÝ^¿ÃÖ]<êÏÞEíèˆÒ†¹]<íéÂ^ß¹]<ð^–Âù]<ïçjŠÚ<î×Â‬‬
‫]‪< <Jl]„Ö]<Üq^ãi÷<êÓÖ<^ãñ^’Î]<Üjè<†·ù]<êÛ¿ÃÖ]<Å^~ßÖ]<^èø}<î×Â<íÖçÛ‬‬
‫<‬

‫_‪<D^â…^éj}]E<^ãñ^ÏjÞ]<Üjè<l]„Ö]<l]‚¦<ÄÚ<^^fi…]<ØÓi÷<Ö]<^Ú‬‬

‫<]‪<JëˆÒ†¹]<ç–ÃÖ]<ïçjŠÚ<î×Â<ê×éŠßÖ]<ð^ÏjÞ÷]<äÞ‬‬
‫<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<‪< <<VíéŞé]<ð^–Âù]<ïçjŠÚ<î×Â‬‬

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‫¦‚‪< <‚–jŠ¹]<l]‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ‪ LB‬ﲤﻠﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
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‫یﺘﻢ ﺥﻼﻟﻬﺎ إﺏﻄﺎل ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻀﺪ ﺥﻠﻮیﺎ أي ﺏﺘﺪﺥﻞ ﻥﻮع‬
‫ﺛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺔ هﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ )‪( LTc‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ<)‪ (LT‬ﻓﺈن ﻥﻮع اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ اﻟﺴﻞ هﻲ ‪:‬‬
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‫إﺱﺘﺠﺎﺏﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ذات وﺱﺎﻃﺔ ﺥﻠﻮیﺔ ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ /2‬ﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻋﻤـــــــل ‪ LTc‬ﻟﻠﻘﻀـــﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺒــــﺔ ؟‬

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‫ﺷﺮوط ﻋﻤﻞ ‪: LTc‬‬
‫‪ /1‬اﻹﺹﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬
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‫‪ /2‬اﻻﻥﺘﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ <<‬
‫اﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﻡﻊ ‪LTc‬‬
‫‪ /3‬ﺗﻮاﺝﺪ ﻥﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس اﻟﺬي ﺡﺮض‬
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‫ﺡﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
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‫‪ /2‬یﺜﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ)‪ (LTC‬ﻡﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ إﻓﺮاز ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻓﻮریﻦ ﻡﻦ ﻃﺮق )‪.(LTC‬‬
‫‪ /3‬یﺘﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻓﻮریﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﻡﺆدیﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺡﻠﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ /4‬یﺪﺥﻞ ﻡﻦ ﺥﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺎء و اﻟﺸﻮارد ﻓﺘﺤﺪث ﺹﺪﻡﺔ ﺡﻠﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻡﻤﺎ یﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﺮیﺒﻬﺎ‬
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:‫ﺕﺘﻤﺎیﺰ إﻟﻰ‬
TCR ‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬LT8 ‫ﻟﻤﺎت ﻡﻦ‬
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‫ ﻓﻘﻂ‬HLA I ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪي اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض ﻡﻊ‬TCR ‫أي ﺗﺘﻌﺮف ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
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(‫ )اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬LT8m ‫ و‬.‫ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻥﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻲ‬LTC ‫< * ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺙﺮ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟ ّﻤﺔ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺉﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻡﺔ‬
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‫آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ) اﻷﻥﺘﺮﻟﻮآﻴﻨﺎت()‪ (I L2‬اﻟﺘﻲ‬
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‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺔ ‪ LTh‬ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺎیﺰ‬
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‫هﻲ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎویﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ وأﺹﺒﺤﺖ ﺡﺎﻡﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺹﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻥﺘﺮﻟﻮآﻴﻦ‬

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‫یﻌﺮض ﻡﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﻡﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻡﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ HLAII‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ LT4‬ﻟﻴﻨﺸﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺙﺮ واﻟﺘﻤﺎیﺰ اﻟﻰ ‪ LTh‬اﻟﻤﻔﺮزة ﻟﻼﻥﺘﺮﻟﻮآﻴﻦ ‪(IL )2‬‬
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‫‪08‬‬

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