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2uK#3 2u" Y` i% Lj (K+ y+ oi q+ F … cA+ A = Q R :"H . aK#
> S#L > B& . ;# # S#L > «H h oZ oU$ %= A& oi q+ ..{ cA+
O# Yq ( . 2;A+ n = f (!
= 2K# . %8+ 2 %+ 'A 2" 2L> «YL F
, B"uL#+ nu kHK#X> YZ#+ :"H i > v . YS -+ 5 b*a k;#A+ kgH+ )%+ v
;#1 e
³ 21 2H l . %8+ 2" Y` i#> , L> 2 a b= F +
eu 7 9 2;X , . b"H c b* s R'+ YZ#+ -U :"H 2QQ 2%.H " A+ 2 " (®
. Bf Y# Y` B;L!v i#| > A+ 2 %l 2! & o.+ B&
o.+ i# Y` A+ i#|
– " 2@A+ " k& y"= . kL+ %+ ;.+ B
2E"W 2l + .+ h .= oi
AW 2H l W .+ e >
dS > " 2K#3 " eH ¢*# AH A 7 ;A . 2i =#
+ %#Q> \ i 2A
+ r@A+
2"
up (u e > b . o3 ³ T+ .+ S e o ´ ( o3 n eH o o 2
1
. 2@A+ 2"
p ( (% ;AW
hu@ eH w L>
"%. > . L> H , " 2K#8+ " 1 a eYq 1 x R (
bu# , aS%uA u
e b+ > b"Kp R'+ X + , eg Ra b .b

+
u
% F 'A e
!W \K"+ ;X F; A& e . 21K"+ 2" k;1 21 e
= .

8

" &uA " ;KL Ai T+ r@A+ e oY% 2H K eH B& ;X r!Q . .+ y"= 7p# 2+m 5
. rK#~ & @+ \wv 2 " -SA " rK#~ & @+ \w> 2 , r@ :"H 2+>"+
( b R#« R'+ ;AW aS 2* :"H Y% 5 ! # nK# R n , YZ= 2+m 2 (p1 d_ M%
bu+'% u :"H #1 k%+ . 2L> rK#~ , n + YZ= ;#1 aS 2* :"H R 2+m
. B;K# , n + YZ= , o :"H 2+m ( P*
: &AW = C4
Yup . 2ccV#W &ic , K#"= 21 y"#1 YZ#+ &A e b1 ( AL+
x . [+ n + YZ= 2@ 7 – :LA> – b#` . b#` 5 )3 ' x "+ ;A AK; 5
nu . u Bu;K« 2"
p ( , A+ r ;#X = i. o# . o# 7 &AW e AK;
. 2K"H Y` &A 2K"H &A 5 BL.A= &=
2uHK#X> o&@+ 2% -U eH * ;+ ( R kK"H ) 2"c F T+ k;1 2K"+ &AW
Y` &AW . 2"GK#W 7@+ , o oH :"H & U e 23 y"= 8V#Q ;# i
2u" Yu` o 5 2HK#X> & @+ 2 AL= k;1 o&@+ r , kK"H ) 2"cm e
= T+ k;1 2K"+
. i%#> 2O#+ -U eH 21K"+
8

> aS9 2*c+ e ;A ( c 2@8 n . M* Y` ** kK"+ ;AW
¥
u . 23 e q eK# ;AW . b" aS b" ** ;AW
hE"> b 4 .
eu i P c+ e i ;A ( eK# +Z+ . , <c > , 7p#> <c
:"H 2K"+ 21W KA si Ga# R'+ b+ R'+ kK"+ )*%+ 2*c+ %= ;A 5 ;A e =!# aS9
kuK"+ )u*%+ hu.# 5 2" U AQ 2** :"H o a ;AW , 2@ (@= . L> #LW
;AW n ; . 2QiKW , ;AW ;+ R6 T+ g#A+ < & 2;A+ , y± .2tU o p#
1
;uAW s K n #W n 2.!# 2QiKW 2"c r\X 1 . 2@A+ 2*c+ K#L i%# ku& 2QiKW .b=
R'u+ ;AW n #W eH gEX " 2!"#$ 2QiKW 2"c r\X . ;AW M ¡+ s'V# R'+
> bA
+ . b**c#+ kK"+ )*%+ e E 5 2X 2 '& . gEX " M* Y` 8
+ s'
b%A '& x . . **
kK"+ )*%+ b+ R6 ( + '` . K"H O;A + b – bX R :"H –
2uK"+ \S> xK
#Q M*c= ªi= – b= F + , – & R'+ kK"+ h.#+ ªi= kZ" > o . b+
AL! c > b"%. M*c+ i.+ eH o
1 ( , µ#! . kK"+ )*%+ e E -U eH 21W i c
. bu%&'W ( s
#® = A; iw " 2K"+ " " B"+ " 2K" (§ > . aS9 e i ;1 v ;AH
bv y+ . 2 e aS9 2p b"H A=i. (p > 2 e kK"+ )*%+ , ML#+ B"#
uW c# . P "Q> '& -U eH b#1 5 A+ ;#X (c 21W P "Q "¶ aS9 e
h E#+> e P . 2** k;1 2K"H i
1 F : " RZ%%+ " #+ 5 b#* i%# e P;A1 7
L> ¢ #+ , + a 2K"+ 2@A+ y"= 2&W " 2K"+ 2@A+ " 5 29 i
1 LAA1 ±
u.v o o S B"+ h.= W ! '& ' ªi#+ , \K"+ ( + . o 2K"H 2@ >

9

hu.#+ i B;# tw X W A! , K ! h + s' + . 5v o %+ 2"&X , c#+
c#+ B;! e'+ \ i );" K e F"! AH A"H
+ . kK"H Y` i ba s\ i A# R'+
. b r1 – 'tA – B <*"+
Yq . .%L1
. b**uc= ;1 aS9 7p# :"H Kg ei
( i
1 2* , Kg yp > '&
r@ e B . YZ#= > o+ k;1 i
1 > YZ# \kw ( e@A1 B"+ BQ ¦ !S+ A#+ , n. 81
. Yq &Y` ;A eH k" K1 ¢*#AQ . > &i c A+ p#
rQ 2K"H
YuZ= x i ) ( , # ;AH )3 x E . 2p%+ ªi= , G ;.KH F ;A o %
. 2+ }"+ k& y"= . b=@ kHK#X> n +

10

C2C
¦ }"+ ;AW
: 2+ }"+ C5
: 2K" F ;AK ; ;! Ca³ C R6= 2H 2K" 7 > . oH & ' ;A 2!L"1 2+ }"+
[u+ n + YZ= 2@ x ) e i K1 Yq ;1c T+ 28+ y"# k.#" 2+ }"+ , . 2g."#+
u.+ 2u1K ;AW [+ n + b1 X "+ B;! 2!L"!+ 2S + . 2+ oi q+ 2@
ouH Gu*#W ;A T+ 2S + y"= . b "Q b#` YZ#+ -"SAW *# 2@A+ n + y+ YZ#+ 2A
. " 2"
# " 2@ 2+ oi q"+
= oil eH K"
# AH
. ;AK 2+ }"+ e AK; 7 k!

uL> 2u" huH 2" k& kHK#X> n + YZ= u;S T+ 2QQv 2"
pW (3 o.1 ) A1H
2"
upW ic .;#1 e
³ 21 2K# . (%.#LW 5 klW e b# , %8+
uL> 2 2" hH A" .2L> o i> 2 2K# . %> '& A= e % &
: n + YZ= 2@ 21 (*#L= ¦#+ 21K"+ ( Y` kHK#X> YZ#+ (%.#L
5 R6 %8+
. b "Q b#` b."SA
. 2"
pW s'f 8
2+ }"+ F
nuL+ upH L+ .+ , 2%S+ e Yq eH F!p T+ 2K"+ oi q+ + (3
e= <*Q h T+ 2GE!+ 2l+ 7 p
+ i%#H e
D . i , 2HAc+ oi q"+ 2. F pH
o
%W oY1 + 21W y"= r .1 .2;A+ ;U ¡ (@Q ¦ }"+
!"+ 2K"H oH r '+
u.+ 2ul 2uHK#X> & @+ 2
= , yp+ \ 5 B
m h@ 2S%A 2 e
+ ,
. Bu , au` % 2p%+ \A q e 2H b#+ y+ . .+ y"= 7p# > a e
. ;K
/
u (u C +u K1 !p#1 ." bA
+ kHK#X L> " k& a 2 2SL 2+ . e g#%
.bu= F + , 2L> o i> 2 kHK#X> YZ#+ 2K# -1 R'+ rK#~ 2 Cb#.S
. 2u.`> 2!L"!+ , i'X r C2iv i
1v (
Co
1 k%S+ .+ . " k%S+ .+ " s
u u b 81 " k%U b " .kK# & . 5 2+ }"+ R
! R :"H F+ / ;A
+
YZ#u"+ ;uAK .+ '& K . L> o i :"H #= > 2g."= 2+1 b 2W 2%S+
u1 ( (KH x8 e K# -.*#= (
nK#~ 2*"c " : 2"" rK" , E bcV"= e
K1 kHK#X>
) nK#~
& kHK#X> ·c+ -./ :"H -U (1 '& :"H %=i . " 29 b#*"c -./ :"H b1
ku& " 2%S+ " ;#!? , 2++ :.%= n + YZ#+ 2!+ r>± , (#+ eH ( 2++ , 8
q¨
k" u+ ev kXi9 ev nK#~ , A"+ 1 = a y+ b#+1 - #+ 2+m 2 e k%S+ .+ 2Q
. o3 B« i0 A+ b+ (c '!A=

11

eu
!W nuW &\ i . q x8 2 c i
1> q «Q . 2K
m %= F 2SL rK"
ku& ( .. #+u i
i ) h F h & Qi b= X + Y#+ 1 ) \K"+ q%+
, ou3 bX rY` . ep+ .+ 7ip 5 :SQ + .+ rK"? e iv F". 2i G rK"
. 2u8 rK" k& . ªi#+ e 2%.3 y"= x8 23 (X e }
+ r i q+ (
+ m F b" +
, £uK#X> , u.+ , uc#> , B
3 , 2++ , r@A+ e Yq
+ R
!+ Q> F .1
.. b= k*LW e+ , oX & ' F.q% ;A ( . .. <8> , e!+ , Pv
;1 aS9 p#
+ E+ e 5 kK"+ )*%+ #1 ..A+ :"H 2cH %= 2¯K"L F c (%
Ru
!+ Qv Q + ¦ }"+ ;AW v y+ . aS9 'f d1 R e e p%+ n1 B b p#

p :"H Qv , %cA ¢ rQ i e #w> b "` . ¦+ &'W b"H h R'+
'& , B;® . bQQ :"H 2Kg.+ r@A+ e q o xA= + ;AW y+ , kK"+ aS9
eu (u
nK#~ 2*"c -.® , ¦+ h@A+ (p1 e pH nQ#+ .+ , i rK# n e s LW
R6 2L1AW 2 :"H k. o3 2L1AW .1 . 29 2!+ b3c -./ b1 1 ( 2+m x8
(u = :"H n + e 8
+ ¦+ nK#~ , A+ 2%"` 2= R'+ kHK#X> 6%+ h . i
#> 5
. \p "! S#L > A+ e Yq 5 R6 \p (!
Bu@A#+ eu uE b**c= e
D bX :"H 2QiKW 5 aS9 2%LA B; eH £1+ + }"+ 2+m n
eu uE b**c= e
D bX :"H 2++ 2@A+ , aS9 7p# #w> + 2+m ¦+
, auS9 7p# +® Ci xi B;A e Rc#> pA+ , [.A+ k
3 (#+
"Q '& , i xi n%= .b= ¦ }"+ ;AW aS 5 ;%#1 . 2@A+ e 2QiKW e -KH r #L
2+ }"+ bA r '+ .%U (%.#LW , si S= n%#= b=8H ("/ 2+m & K ¦+ h@A+ 2Q i & '1
nuK#~ , 2.uL+ 2%"`v 5 ++ :"H = K# 2;A+ , R6Q h@ b F%q+
, ·ucW (u
( +u+ ) A+ e 2" iqt#Q ;3c e (K# 2++ &!#Q T+ 2.%S+ i#+}+ )
(u"/ x8u e y+ b.SA 2` 5 b x + -U eH ¦ }"+ ;AW aS p i x R . nK#~
i " b# £ l & X & '& ( ;AW b # P'
#Q 2QiKW ' F%q+ ¦+ h@A+
b# i #
(% rap F T+ " Kgp#W 2Qi " e > i xi e
. " xW
h@A+ (%.#L e " h¬p#+ " 5 :;# C8
q – ¦+ Rc#> #+ b"% eK1 . EK# bA
+ .
u.1 i . b" h@A+ 2"
p
L+ 2"
p , bA
+ ¦ }+ ;A
L+ 2@ i & ¦+
2!uL"1 2+ }"+ 5 o'1 2AU y+' bX 1 rK#~ :"H A+ :"H h6w (%.#L b" ¦+ h@A+ :"H B

. 2@ O;A
ym – 2QiKW 1 bG , B;A ( b R'+ -1 #+ eH @A+ 7c . Yq #+ i Y`
, 2++ (= oil F pH nQ#+ .+ k;#A (%.1 . 2+ }"+ aS F#%G )%"= – r@A+ i%#
E . 2+ }"+ R
! "` e 2++ rK#~ ( , 2¯K"L k%S+ .+ M*c#+ R!+ pA+
" P Eu k;#A= r F;# F"*Kl . x 5 x e #D h (#+ '& <S
ul ku%S+ .+ 2"H!+ 2Y& 2Q ;L! e B.= F " 2+ "
= r T+ " i v
2++ (= x 2+ }"+ R
! ++ 78 e – h + –
K; . 2++ (=

12

u
! xu® '& . M%c > b#K# .+ .! AH . ;#K# r.1 2+ }"+ 01 b+
: e h k%S+ .+ b#K# P¸' ¦+ n + a B;K"H nK1 . b1 2pAW – – 2++
u ¦+ h@A+ 2 & bQQ :"H F T+ 2++ 2@A+ ¦ }"+ ;AW aS¤ 7 #H>
iu#1 . R
!+ ;QQ .Q n + , 2Kg 2++ (@#+ 2HK#X> 23 :"H 2K#3 i

1i . A+ w B& 2++
! M% . YZ#+ di e 2+"+ 2] B;3c :"H ?! 2q+
. ... 2l + 2
=#Q> 2K#8+ : 2"%+ r@A"+ kQQv icW B& . 2K#3 2@A+
, Pv , £uK#X> , u.+ , B
3 , 2++ , r@A+ ( 2++ 2@A+ b" '& 6
;uAW b H 2QiKW F' AH R
!+ ;QQ r.1 ¦ }"+ ;AW Q :"H F T+ ... e!+
:u"H h ( 2+ }"+ x cH bA
+ B; eH + }"+ b1 n1 cH , A x . AA
D . b =
. kHK#X> n + YZ= ;A 2"
p h Al 1 X e A H b= '& Y` . r@ e ;QQ
: ¦ }"+ ;AW i c C6
. gEX > 2"
pW F" (% e e
= 2+ }"+ n +
2u % e kHK#X> n + YZ= B;1 , F."S AH M*c+ (3 § 2QQ o S F.= F
:u"H 2l!W .+ k& sYZ= x ® YZ#"+ ( B; ' A+ FK"H . 2K# . L>
"i*#+ " B;#K"H . n + YZ# .+ y"= KS® B;"H . b# %= T+ 2%S+ .+ 2+1
B«uQ :u"H uA+ K#+ 1 ;AW e M*c+ '& . kHK#X> n + YZ=
j h>
2HK#X> 2c#> 2HS> r8+ ED £S> \ \8%A+ "W r # 2LA
+ 2 S.L
. " D bH (K bH " : 2+ }"+ iw F/ " \p (! " > m B;A ( -"SA ¥ 2 .+
. Rp%+ h.#"+ K@H %L y+
Y%= . .+ y"= 2& p#
= b# %= 2K# kHK#X> n "+ F!p# T+ 2+ }"+ Y`
F W . 21 Y` ;A
+ 2l FL+ 2H l 2 :"H b= ' x " k%S+ .+ "
yu"= , B
*#+ -U eH b V#Q
j 2> ( ' ¢ … ' ¢ ) b#+1 w .+ 21
B;u#K"H . YZ#u= & #1 B«K# YZ 2+ }"+ e 1 A+ 01 kHK#X> n + YZ#+ p+
YZ#+u B;uL! "Zup > B;u#K"1 r ( . 23 "! B;K"= ;A
+ i*# 2+ }"+
5 R!+ pA+ bO#= ;#8 . 23 5 ;#%L 2.E1# " 2g`" :"H >
= s +® kHK#X>
;V#uL 2 l .+ v . ¦ }"+
!+ , }
+ oZq+ k& y"= . K# nK#~ 2*"c -./
egu
+ u& L> . ;..*#+ L> hV#L= 2Z 2H o .+ FL+ 2` -.*#+ kH + L>
u
= ku
+ 2%"uQ u B«K# h.= e + }"+ .+ 1 i c.+ '& .+ . + k'+
iup+ kHuK#X> xW " YZ#= ;H " : iw F/ kg."#+ &YcW 2# 2" 2+ }"+ , rK#~
2u+m " hu " ( b#1 ¦ }"+ ;AW x '1 { 5 YZ#= . " (K bH " : 2!+ 23
! > 2HK#X " 2}X " (q³ x E= " 2+ }"+ " F ' . nK#~ · ,
Q b a# !#
b#1
. b#%S – f .%U – L> e B`+ " 2%U " v ;A

13

euH ' tw eK# Y` L> 2+! q 21 AK# kHK#X> YZ#+ 2"
pW ¦ }"+ (3 '
&
/ , [ G – ¦ }"+
!+ , – nK#OK"+
8
g ;AW , i c.+ '& (@Q . nK#~ 2+1
" (@#Q K . 21 r@ 2+ }"+ YZ#+ r@ ( (@#Q . kHK#X> YZ#+ +Q r` r."SA
. 2+ }"+ 2A&'+ :"H 2** 2+> r " 2!+
. 2+ }"+ (? , F³ T+ 2HK#X> r YZ#+ ( :"H – %"Q – b" '&

B&\ kc® – B;#" e C ªi#+
eZW o%+ + 1> rH K FHS#Q ;"? k!1
uH Q 2HAc+ oi q+ ..® B"+ 2%S+ ;. + !p#
HS#Q
nu . p%+ e fc > H '& (%Q ,
";#L ( oW 2iv oi3 ) RW \+ oi
u B&\ kc® ªi#+
2" B& b*v " 2 2
" " (? \+ y+ ( 01 '&
:SQ + .+ 2 %H e (1 FL+ 2 %H .1 :"H .1 B&Y` 5 2%LA+ ( . B&Y` bA !#L
(% 5 ( c#> , ¦ }"+ h@A+ ) 2++ (? , h.#+ i e 2m ( P p+ ) rK#~ F. .
nu "+ u c# %1 kHK#X> YZ#+ 2g."= :"H x
=> aS A+ p# 5 R . 8
" q
: b= kHK#X> YZ#+ ;A & tw YZ+ sYZ= sY` x . sYZ= +m ¦+
eu i*#+ '
& . " k%S+ .+ " 2+1 B
K# -.*##Q B;3c e 2+ }"+ B;#K"H 1i
n R YZ= (%Q , 5v o S9
Q . 2++ rK#~ , n + YZ= (%Q , o S x 2+ }"+ aS
. YZ= > YZ= . kHK#X
( , – %"Q – 2+ }"+ rG .+ ( . 2c#> o3 :"H i c. G ¦ }"+ ;AW i c e

¥ . 2V"+ e
+ h.#+ : o ( , ;#8H . 2A!+ 2> 2HK#X> 2QL+ o3 k
. 2 .+ : [+ eU + , AK« T+ .+ B& e o , – %"Q – rG
" ru 2u .+ r3 2++ " 2 " 2" r 2 .+ eH 2v eH #
K1 i + eK1
i n . [iv
!+ eH r>3 "` , 8
. i , 2 .+ r3 ªi= &@ ' " 2 X
B`+u iv Bv 2iv Bv
= Bv b1 rX R'+ iv e +
W k& FL+
2u .+ u 2++ p+ 2v \kU9 "9 \k" 2 .+ eH [iv
!+ b "` e
. 2 .+ B;1 , \S> y"= r\X e e 7 & – A& – AK; > … 2 .+ 23
B;"H ! & ( e i*# i , A+ FK"H F 2+ }"+ k& 2UL% 2+aLW
upA+ u , u"1 y+' .21W Y` 2%S+ ;#` 5 R i > # ¥ k%U & ( 5
" ku%S+ " bK# B;A ( p# 2%S+ 5 o +%1 . k .+ pA+ , "1 y+' Rc#>
'u& e 7H . ;11 o X F ( &X b 'u& " b# " ( p# . b+ kK#A R'+
" 2u%U " 2+ ;A > B.+ b"H 2l!W 2QL+ r
+ e i*# i K"1 . 2 .+ 71 ;+ bgK#
O;uA 2+ }"+ F
1 k%S+ nK#~ n eU + p%+ : ;cAH , -!#= T+ 2++ k&2 .+ 2++ X
. 2 .+ o + F.. i , £S> r i FS.Q T+ 2 .+ r3 \ pA+ 1 3
u
!+ n + .b1 e 7 k%U kHK#X X C2+ }"+ , C2v1 . 3 '& AHv ... ¥
C 2u+ }"+ , C 2u .+ .2v = = x 18 ! = a!=> + b" ¦ }"+ k .+

14

. bu"H ¹!> > \kp E#+ eK# > \K# v 2%"Q 2¡H ;A
+ . o + 2v \A 2%U 28H
. q > 2 .+ o + (X e 2gEO#+ l r> , Ri G kQQ R
1 x 2 .+ r3
r3 eH 2 .+ eH 2v eH pH nL+ .+ 'A ri T+ 2+ }"+ r#
+ ( (@#Q
b!uc= (2uv ) k .+ X + 7#= k;1 . %"Q ¦ }"+ nS+ 2H %S 2 .+ o + eH 2 .+
up= ku& .
Q 7#+ sYc n#= X W 7#+ b|i= , )*%= b= E¨ =
H= k& . k .+ X + eH aH1 « :"H \.> YZ a E#+ 2 .+ , 7= uf c#= 2 .+
. (%.#LW 2"c+ £ S. n "+ kQQ L « H , o + e
+ 2 .+ o + 5
e
+ K r Yu` 2 .+ o + 2%"Q 2S i 2 .+ B.H X 2v > '&
Bu;¨ u+ }"+ B;1 '
& .2+ }"+ ;A 21W , A"+ o + 2 .+ 2v B;! '
&
L> 2+! q 21 eK# kHK#X> YZ#+ 2"
pW ¦ }"+ (3 " v 2 .+ B« Qi B«
. " nK#~ 2+1 eH ' atw eK# >
£ c+ x8 > B;!= ¦#+ i= 2i> r#
+ ;KL= K " 2 .+ 2+aLW " '& G e
> 2u;#A 2+auL r}u#H ¥ . 2 .+ f F 2 .+ r3 ;#Z#Q T+ o#!"+ o + (X e
eH h + + }"+ s L! '& . 3 x £ E iG > ;K;1 x® > ;Qi
2+auLW " = AH '& G AQ . 2G8G 'A 2+ }"+
! 2!Q81 b+ r & 2 .+ eH 2v
. ep+ .+ n"S , LiW :"H o . « dS#1 " 2 .+
y"= r .1 . [+ eU + , i*#+ r , &G 5 2+ }"+ eH Aq k;A (% A& eS! B;W
2+ ( i S+ "L#"+ 2. 1 ep+ .+ n"S n " .+ 2K" s> 2 " r3
) 5v 2iv P3 . ( 1916 oi G ) . [+ <p+ B= 2H 2+ ;AH x8.#Q> 7;#L= 2189
i*#+ 7;#L= 2 2i/ r F*% r8 x 5 [+ eU + k 2gE ( 1918 – 1914
. u%.= 2AuQ oupH º (% 5 y+' F. . o + 2+ : 2 .+ 2++ 2 [i> iK#Q> e
k u.+ u
!+ o'=Q . 2c+ 2+ }+ r F %.= c :"H R o#!+ y"= x U
B;uAH u".A 2u .+ B& + }"+ dU K B;# S ;"%Q , "lAW o + oH
2u+ Bu. Pu+ " iKL " b1 h K"® 2+ o + eH b 1 Bf e K#L
uW i.+ W 7 Yc o + i 2v R i= [+ eU + , Q . o +
– 2u`! « , 1& o + F . W k .+ nK#~ , o + 2+ (!= o + , YcW

. kHK#X K R e – h + x . K
" 2u+ ou + (X e xA+ i [+ eU + , k .+
!+ o'=Q 5 i c.+ nX e

i c.+ \X f X > T+ 2++ B;c rO#A ;1 H + < L+ o eH q*% " Xi
" uA+ B"= 2+ }"+ . ¦ }+ ;A o + (X e "lA 2 .+ 1 2v K;! B e
. "23 "! B;K"=> e
+ i*#
eu oH B+ i*#= si ²a i*#+ (X e xA+ % (1945 C1939) 2q+ 2i> P3 k;#A= ¥
n + YZ= , s %L R'+ i*#+ e !#L a %+Si*#+ i , c#AW M%c . u&@+ iK#Q>

15

YZ#+ o + 28+ x og B;"H 2SW 2"tQv B& M%c= . c# "V#W QQ E~ [+
: eEK# AX 5 23 -pA#1 kHK#X>
( . kHK#X> YZ#+ o + 28H 7 > ;1 + }+ K;1 o + 2 .+ 2v B;! xv dA
.2+ o + <¯ & <EK1 eYq ;AH c &\. s p 2 .+ 2.+ :"H 2HK#X> .+ h*
YuQ YLQ " o + " \kw ( BHE .o + 5 2HK#X> .+ 21 . (Xa= 5 H &
hu xu~ <8uU Rc#> pA+ eH .+ n1i 1 "V#+ 2"
p eH . 7 > …{ . a%U
eu 2O A& b+ . a 7 > …{ . kHK#X> h.#+ Rc#> KA+ 5 6Q 2!+ r i%W
bu1 buX :u"H [+ eU + , 2+ }"+ H P'
= )%"= > 2QiKW e
+ .2i> 2++ ªi=
R ¦ kK"H i 2++ 2L1AW " P+ + }"+ v y+ .(% e + }"+
Fu
1 . kWuH Ri
# h@ 5 F+ / 2L1AW 2 :"H b1 F 2W+ 2++ F F , Rp
, 2u++ i b h R'+ <89 i+ 6+ 21 2 P+ ++ h e
= .2!H (p!+ ( H
«i , B;V#L= ¥ r»pAW Bf B.= Bf ¬i B«} B;+ h.= . 2W+ r i
#> B« #1 . i
u . uA"H & %uL T+ 23 2! .!1 2iK#Q> ."+ i + 1.G = B& 01
eu u 2u .+ 5 2+ }"+ R6= . bw X «i` T+ n W 5 X (
w , X e iK#Q>
\8uK+ eu rH 1 k. 2 .+ 23 e dAO r D . dA '& r K1 Ri*#+ K
[+ eU + n= o + X 2 .+ \H ;1 <S+ (
2 .+ &A 2W+ r i
#8+ #+
. o 2iK#Q 2% , b"
2u" _> #K#L ! M1
;1 . 2!# s F"? 2 .+ 23 (qD s k. .1 q+ dA
. u;../ :"H (K o + 5 H & . k!9 2"
w , iK#Q> o H 2+ "3 k .+ i*#+
u+ }+ uK;1 2 .+ 2v B;! x E & . '& ( . oi*#W iv , "V#+ 2" x® &
2 .+ o + b#8H kHK#X> YZ#+ 2!
'= 21 b+ h. > 2 ."+ ¦ }"+ B;!+ '& W Gi
HASu u su Rug.+ h E#+> 2" U o#!+ o . " aS9 2O#+ " ;A 5 a .1
" oi " k #w> (3 5 #& 5 oY1 rU ;X PiO#+ , £l \w PX ... \H
F*%u T+ 2 .+ 23 :"H dS1 . 2++ -U eH 2KA#+ Pi (p1 Rc#> "V#+ b"H ;l1
euH M% ( kHK#X> YZ#+ o + 28H eH > 6Q . oX 2Zc ¼.+ x 6L+ dA '& , 2"q¨
. *#+ bX :"H 2 #w> o + 28+
Hi= > gQ i= . 2+ 2 .+ 23 ( ei= h AL! _ x 6L+ '& :"H 2Xj ,
(qD K;A gL+ . #> !> 8c!A > S"#$ i= .
k& K 2O#+ & gL+ . oi "%+ A+ § &i S= , 23 r (qD Hc+ 2+ «KL 2 .+ 23
eu uX ;." gL+ i#+ 2 e & Hc+ i#+ x . . «}H 2O#+ 28 & Hc+
. 2+A+ « e b=X T+ k& ( ;Xi
5 2%uLA+ 2%"uQ k;1 (g v k .+
!+ o'=Q e ;K"= K 2 .+ 2v B;! x E K1 gL+ i#+
bu#8H 7u> + }+ si} b"H c %"S o + :.%= A& e . kHK#X> YZ#+ r8
p
:u"H Bg "S k;1 . Rc#> "V#+ 2" kSV#+ oi 2O#+ ;1H .1 2 #w> . 2 #w>

16

eu
+ uA= K;A
> k!
1 . K;+ #§ k|i#+ A@ e %"S . (.#L Q
eu YZ 2QiKW , b..§ o}+ . R
1 Q :"H 2 #w> o + h .= x R :"H hE">
. 2i*#+ Q
W :"H o S ( , ¹!3 n r@A+
> 2 #w> o + 2*"+ ;8 , yw A&
> oYq b+ kK#A= H i= b n +
bX :"H [+ n + YZ= ;#1 , Y% yw 2 e
+ 2#W «
eH i c ;X e b+'%= K1

M*uc= x/ k& .2DE& 5 c e 2L
5 e (p1 5 d_ e (.#A= k;1 . « iw b -.*#=
eu
D buX :"H 2 .+ 5 B@A#+ e E b**c= e
D bX :"H 2QiKW 5 aS9 2%LA 2SW «YL
-uU euH u+ ;AH nX #+ . ;AH nX #+ b**c= e
D bX :"H 2 #w> 5 o + (Xa# b**c=
.i*#+ e ;! , o x E= F X N f h ( , . "¦ !S+ iL+ "
.2u1 oiL 2g.H Y` oYL 2v k#9 PL3 Y1 2+ 2 .+ 23 " , Hc+ i#+
uw u.+ yu"= 21 ;#1 e
³ 21 2K# . 2S%A rK#~ 2 F b
:u"H uc 4 > '& a1 r o o A"p1 A 01 kHK#X> n + YZ=
j 2> ;#+1
(p!"+ kQQv icW .A YZ 21 , } ;X x'% A"H ( A+ o , O#+
uAK" > 2u ."+ " ¦ }"+ " B;!+ bX e
+ 2 #w> , aS 2 .+ , aS 2QiKW aS e

" NO#+ " ;AW R
!+ bQQ .#! 2 #w> e k .+ W :.%1 2 #w> o + 28+
. Ru
!+ bQQ .#! o + e k #w> W :.%1 2 .+ 2 #w> 28+ AK" > 2 #w> ,
2u+i u 2 .+ 23 ( 2.#+ 2 .+ .+ "# a M " 2@A+ " , i c.+ '&
u YuL!= u B;! ;A ( °!#/ o r iw n1= 2;# 2X # 2 > 2X #
o u , nK « iw -./ :"H oi Y` & . " 2V!#AW " 2 .+ 23 01 . o W r ip"+
, nuK b**c#+ k!
> ;" oYLW , aS 2 i
#W (p!+ . 2+ &Y& o
oi u" q l q [+ n + YZ#+ " 2@ " e A+ 81 . 2 #w> o + 23 iw
. uH (u F + o o , k.#" 2@ . 2 .+ 23 ( 2S"#VW .+ 1 :"H oi. q
S .= h.#AQ 'tA A01 . 2 aS F + S .= . x U F + o 2S¤ ;1 hE#"
:# + 2@A+ s'& 5 R# A"H . 8
" > h.# > "9 5 E!.A1 A+ hv 5 E!. e >
Eu~ [u+ uA YZ A . 2 #w> eH 7 ( 2 .+ eH 7 ( nX '&
, 2u@ 2 #uw> -u.§ u AK"= > 2 .+ , 2@A B"L A+ kZ%A 81 c# "V#W QQ
(up!= uW 7 A"+ '& e -KH #L , )*% v :# . o + -.§ AK"= > 2 #w>
. r*u= eu h. ;X e x'% ¨ B`+ A=YL (p!#1 [+ A ¯Z AK"= , r@A+ y"=
2 #uw> 2 .+ 2 #w> , 2 .+ , r@A+ y"= P* 7H & b1 x
1 Y` 2 #w> 2 .+ 2.. e 7 A""1 . B;A sAK"= s + R'+ bX + :"H – 2.. Ck&
nu + YuZ= , _ ;Qi (% B«@ 1 (%. (% B;O&A }#¶ 7 A"H R .
eu
uK; . [H Y` H kHK#X> n + YZ# AK"= A > A+ :=a# > '& . [+
ApH T+ \S> p 5 '& K; . oc#A oYL
#Q A=YL 01 B"#A+ b+'% R'+ ; F +

17

ug.H \.#+ 2QiKW , ¬.#+
+ b+ R6= (%. e A+ > 21.G oi G y"= 01 &YGa= F/ µ
. c#AA1
Ru# 5 d# & ;# eH
[+ A ;S T+ r8
pW 2;X eH # '& >
.
h.#+ (%Q , ;X d# & h.#+ , ;X 5 ( 2@ 5
A1H . )3 '& ;+ kK#A oYq 2
1 r ;#X 2+ 2 .+ 23 " , Hc+ i#+ '& 2 ,
y+ 21 . ( 1 o.1 ) sYZ= ;A 7 e A+ > n + YZ= 2@ 7 k
+ b – – bA
( 2 ou.1 ) ;#1 e
³ 21 2K# . ;# , 2S%A & @+ \w> ( v 2A
¨ ;AW
YuZ#+ 2K# A= e % kHK#X> YZ#+ , hSc bA
+ 2W 2%S+ 5 2%LA+ B¸"L y+
(4 ou.1 ) uA#+ y+'+ ( 7p#> oH r>m 2 ( 3 o.1 ) L> o i 2 kHK#X>
:u"H F³ T+ 2QiKW , <c ¦ }"+ ;AW ( 5 o.1 ) r>± y"= e o
% o F 2+ }"+
. ( 6 o.1 ) b&
. ;AW 2"
p h AL! _ o 2+ }"+ e i*# AH

18

(3)
i S#+ &A
:i S#+ &A C7
u nu " S= " " i S= " 2K" ' n + " YZ= " " YZ= " eH B"
# e§ )3 '& 2 'A
) 5 b= & #® Y%# )3 , E ap Av eH '& , A .+ . 21 +a 2Xi 2K"
2+> M%c " i S#+ " Y%= v y+ . b R'+ £ l W " i S= " -%L e
. b#+> 7 k
+
i 5 L> F" 2K"+ 7 p
+ F pH eq+ .+ e a# F , > 23 2
E > b# 21 2+ }"+ 2!Q81 x® R'+ + KH .1 y+ (% . 2%S+ 21W e < !#
Buf Fui T+ ( ¼.+ ;+ ) " o i #+ " e s K"= K i
! b1 '& . 2AQ 7> 2#Q eH
, u&G euH A+ )*%+ 21 2AQ 7> 2#Q e
= . " iv r KL+ ½ -" \%+ , " : 'A X +
e 7H
> pH nQ#+ .+ ( [iv
!+
b Y` . 2+> R Y` a F . B;
rut 2AuQ 7> 2#uQ (% X + . ... £ > ( 2G i + X + , 2K"+ 7 p
+
r YZ#u+ oYuv 2"c3 > + n + . X L> .%Q 3 K AL+ e 7 +v
FuL+ (%.#LW 5 klW e & @+ \wv 2 oYv 2"c3
= e+ b + X 'A #=
x8u kH uA+ YZ#u+ 23 x8 KA+ 4 " i S#+ " 7H '
& . E+ }H ( E+ , > .#
u& u 5 kH YZ= ( kH YZ= + i S#+ v i S#+ 2+> k! > Yv Y%#+ '& . 23
r@ (m F" "i S#+ " , ei r@
= pH nQ#+ .+ c#A x R :"H . :i
2uKg + 2u3 f & @+ \w> ( f n ¦ 2"
+ .+ e 2H K h M%c . 23 , e=
u i S#+ W . b 7 k. " i S#+ " ;+ l ¥ K#LW YZ#+ ;q+G x%#W YGa#+ ;G
. k|i#+ ; 2A k& 2HK#X o&? ( Kf : & Qi A+ B"H .1 |i= o&? \kw (
+
2X , b1 r+ R'+ kHK#X> n + > b"H F :"H
= f i
1> r@A+
R'+ " "9 " f n # kZ%A > kHK#X> ; 5 2 LA > B;!= > ¦#+ . 2 r8
p (*+ ;+
e i*#+ i , £S> e i*#+ 2@ F T+ 2+ }"+ :"H '& -%S K . 2|i#+ ;#" O#
2.#W i , i#+}+ i/ 2@ F T+ 2LiW 2 #w> :"H -%SAQ [+ eU + , i S+ ;.+
Buv iu/ 2@ k& T+ 2 .+ 2 #w> 2A+ rK#~ i/ 2@ k& T+ 2AU + 2 #w> HA
c#A= ( S+ W , e
+ bSpA= ¢ v b = H .= & ªi#"+ : K;G . ... oE~ 2!"V#W
. i S#+ 2K# bAH } & ; :"H i S#+ 2
ruK#OK"+ k|iu#+ i uS#+ 5 kHK#X> i S#+ 7p# r>m F; q+ i+ '& YGa= F/
. k|i#+ ;AW & X ;A A+ 1

19

: k|i#+ ;AW – 8
eu 23 y"= 8V#Q ;# i 2L> rK#~ i S= 2@8 :"H k|i#+ ;AW BH E h .=
k .+ Pv , . kHK#X> i S#+ b+ bO# R'+ (%.#LW = , .+ y"= (K#L ¥ SW ;H.
ou + uW : x 6L+ eH 2X0 ;AK#= T+ 2+v £ e ;1 . k|i#+ ;AW :"H 2Kg oH rQ i
2uQ i+ W ¼.+ ªi#+ ¢ k;1 '& :"H 2+v . " 2|i= " 2K# ;1 o +1 … { 2+
. Bv P p+ ªi#+ 2i.W
yum ku& 2QiKW 21W &A i%#>
m M"c 2K # 2p 2Qi¨ si%#H ªi#+ , yw >
2" , > #
ªi#+ . 2" 2**
= > ªi#+ 21W k& 2+aLW e
+ . 2@A+ i%#
. M*c+ ;;X :"H 21 e
= ¢ M*c= . 2+ ; F ¢ b+ 7= h ( , . bA oa#
rK#~ ( ªi= " : h3 -G + x .+ ( 1847 ) " kH p+ %+ " E"_ i ' A"+
ou#! ru F 2p%+ `i p# ( 1877 ) .1 H G8G . " k.%S+ £ c+ ªi= &
" uW uA|i= e 7 k.%S+ £ c+ e 2+ ¦#+ 29 2
"W e 2+ "2H w" 2+ , 2" U
u
> uA& e . ¢ v &? e A+ b1 ¨ M q A+ eH " KH " 2 O± ªi#+ " i Q
_ ) bX 2+ r#
+ e Yq i c :"H 2 2O s'& . b8U :"H > %. ªi#+ O#>
" Tu+ 2u|i#+ ¢ v ' " ... 6 ªi#+ " OH i 0 (" i
P#
+
eu+ uf c > ¢ ¢ a ` ªi#+ ¥ . ;A \ .#Q> 2* i%# ;#X e
³ k
+ " r
– u& i R'+ R+ 6+ ;.#A G ªi#+ # , ªi#+ -SA eH ¢*# R :"H %

k& 5v 2A+ . # e y+ k|i#+ ;AK"+ 2K 2 kZ" b= i S#+ ¥ . b AA. – 2 %+ 'A
, – ku& uK – i
#= > k;1 ¦#+ ªi#+ }H ;# x8 KA= 2HK#X> o&@+ k|i#+ i S#+
K «H ;# e " k|i#+ .+ " A1H T+ o&@+ oH 8
*#L M%c A& e . ;|i= e #"
o&u@+ ru u ªi#+ e 7 A01 2 e . sA1H R'+ .+ 2* ;1 }#VA+ k&
Yu` ¢u 'u& v b i S##1 ;+ 7Q bA 7 nS#L > A
+ n + 5 F" 5 ri S=
8
q ( . s> '& , s S#+ (! 7A+ k!
= > ªi#+ s 21 eH ¥ ªi#+ , < %L
. [u+ eU + , o + 2+ h .#Q " h " , b x .+ '& e 7 A01 2|i= 2K# 2+ o +
(u+ ( . h .= [+ n + , b"! A"H R'+ h .#Q h .#Q 7A+ k!
> '& e
+
uq > F 2+aL 2+aLW 2= o + :"H >
= o + (X e xA+ A 5 :H
'&
;AW ;AK# T+ 2|i#+ " 2} " \:S¶ e
D > A . :"H \kw ( B#L1 ªi#+ :"H @# +
8S " 2} " s'& 5 %+ (c Z+ . K# (%.#LW A+ ® b1 A+ > R'+ klW ) k|i#+
\ i 2!#VW 2+ }"+ 2A&'+ \kS¶ e
D > A ¥ . 2K# . b# %A= e L> :"H <!w> e
euH bu#` , k%S+ .+ RL k|i#+ .+ . A& i S#+ 2g."= k& A& 2|i#+ 2K#31 . ;AW '&
. X (] k%S+ .+ & L>

20

2u1 #!A+ . 2lW ¢ v ¢ 3 e 2H K ªi#+ . b= ªi#+ B;1 A& – Y – ¥
Bu;1 , uA u ( " -SA " :"H #Q '& . " ;.SA " p#
A+ ;K;! . 2** ;#1
:u"H i K;A ( . 1 AH ;AH i AH "# ¢ 3 2+> . 2HK#X> ¢ > ¢ 3
sYL!= ªi#+ B;1 2*c o}+ ( ªi#+ ¢ YL!= :"H oi.W FL+ o}+ . bO;AW .%U YL!= f h.
;AW :KL ªi#+ 21 , O;A k|i= ;A ( \ i 7 A& e . ;AW :"H # & .
7 y+ nS#LA+ > '& 7 A"H . kHK#X> n + i S# 21 2"
p (® > k|i#+
. AO;A 2* b1 }#¶ ** K;1 ªi#+ B;!A1 X n i S=
. 2Kg ;AW 2"
p x E= k|i#+ ;AW BH E B`}1

2+ – 9
7 1 . oX 2"
p rK#~ 2 21 eH q%+ h i S#+ 2@ FU .+
u& u . i S#= " " 7 > M% ( (%.#LW 5 klW e ;# x8 " i S#= " rK#~
" bu= i S#+ hV#L ¥ kg."#+ (%.#LW n # nS#LA+ h> & . s'& KA+ 2 % R'+ .+
. R'+ (%.#LW 5 n + " S#+
x/ T+ 2!L"!+ # , o. 2+ . x 6L+ '& :"H 2X ¦ ;AW 2+ F
. 2SL 2+ . – 28V – ;A
+ ;#* F%q=
K;HK#X x%#W k!A+ '& k;#A . Ri k!A x® K;A ( . £ l , !"#V1 AG i*#
EuK# . uA#W K; i £ c+ 2"c ;1 '& n . K K;A R Ri & + . R i :"H
u bX + '& :"H " x " Y%#+ 2"v 2+>+ k& s'& . o :"H Ri ( e 2* q ba K;AH
A& ;1 . i S#+ b1 p#
+ " (O& " 2.%H 5 2X , bA
+ . i S#+ 7 (% e 1 x
, ;V#L 2"
# 2@ , .+ '& (O& ¾ c . A# i £ c+ e + q X Ri
eu k
u
W x.#> B# > i S#+ ;A 7 e
K#W 7 L"!+ 2H } & @+ \w> ( 2 YL!=
– uX + 5 | a k;#A R'+ b= " \kp+ , " 2A
+ rAW £ c+ -U eH ( x "W 5 2"+
H M%c )%" > X A= i' :"H R #® b= & .A+ eH "#$ X " \kw " – o!U
. ¦ £ c+ x8 Bg + KA+ e 2"L"Q , '
& ... X -" 5 o!S k;#A
{ \kw ( '& (&
\uwv u& : s A#K"H s e e= ;H :"H 2K"+ 7 p
+ F 5 o 21l> . >
ul 5 . oK#L r YZ= ;.*"#1 (3 ) #=> T+ ;# x8 (2) , ; G6 (1) & @+
" , 2A
+ rA#W £ c+ x8 e B# h i S= k& oK#LW r YZ#+ s'& (4) bA 7A+ x
. ¦ ;AW " 2+ " '& ( k . b= " \kp+

21

. AK« r i} BQ> eH 2@8W s'f
x " Y%#+ 8
Q > K#Q kHK#X> i S#+ 2HK#X> r8+ eH 2+ r#
+ , _ Yq Av y+
xK#uQ> 'u& . YZ#+ x%#W YG#+ 23 c. . ... " 2+ r8+ " " 2+ " "
(u
;uAW "K#L 'tA Bv . i S#"+ rA#W £ c+ "%. e'+ e ;! M%c
1 O . rA#W £ c+ x8 B# i S#+
A e'+ e h ;! Y` M%c bA
+ . bA
y"= . YZ#+ x%#W YGa#+ 23 > A+ :.%= > " rA#W £ c+ x8 e i S#+ "
;uAW '&
AH b ;+ *LA ¦ ;AW M%c= . 2+X FL+ 2

u " %ul " , u! '& . rA#W £ c+ . x : sED R'+ .+ @!#m
. "Z 81 i
1 %l , ! K i S#+ eH #
K1 rS+ZW
uQ :"H 2Kg.+ &AW , b B"L rA#W £ c+ x8 e h.#+ 4 x ) 01 x R :"H
i uS#+ u T+ r1l> YL!= – b= F + , – x/ 2K# . 2S%A & @+ \wv 2
(@Q . KA+ h.#+ oS 2
, e& + Ri3 ; 5 5v o %+ e rK#~ b F".#1 kHK#X>
2uK# u A#+ : 5v 2"
pW b1p# ( R 5 7 :.% . 2;A+ A , x
. 2L> o i> 2 kHK#X> i S#+
: .E1#W (p1 – 10
)*% R'+ & '& + . n + S= 2! , "#¶ > i S#+ 2 %= T+ .+ A1H n #
eu o w .KH q X 78 5 x 7p# 01 '& n … { ( U F 'A bAH
2u kHuK#X> i S#+ 2K# A= e % 2"
pW ( eH q*% e'+ -Q 78 R
. 2L> o i>
'u& < 1 i '& (% ( L*1 ªi= i 1 L"1 e
– xv 2@A+ – (O& v y+
\uw> iu o u 2 " e6 " 2 %+ 'A ;1 . + ;#X> <S , n.= ;" b#!L"1 . *L ;.1
n + . d+ k"
+ (.+ -"SW
!+ 2"Of dp+ , :KL= . " 2H " 2 ;/ & @+
SuL%= . du+ = e
D K
!+ = e
D 2W 2K" ;AH Y%#+ , (K#Q – x. K – (O&
« .= , ¶ AA > 2+ , &G 7 & A& AA "
1 " ;KL a k!#
AQ )*"+
. 2!L"!+
oW :"H
!"+ 2 +v s'& . b+ L k;1 & @+ \wv . xv X + &
!+ (O& Ri 28
i uS#"+ O;A eK#= R . 2+X (O& 2+q > oYq 2+q r@ 2 n . " 2+qW " :KL k&
u
K .
!+ i S= , )*% O1 rK#~ i S#= 7 i . f .%U . AK; &
uLO#+ u& nu +
2@3 ( , . i S# & ) 5 b%#= oW > i S#
!+ . oW
=
!+
2K# A= e % 2"
p A"" ' A % .
!+ ;+ ( T+ i S#+ 2"W M*c+

!+ v . M* Y` '& e
+ . L> 2 5 *A= 2+qW 2L> o i> 2 kHK#X> i S#+
(3 ' . d+ k"
+ (.+ -"SW
!+ & ( L>
1 & + +X i S#W xv X W

22

> uL> u;1 r X K"+ + o " 2} " K;" L> nK#~ £ & 2"
pK"+ ¦qW
o i> 2u 2uHK#X> 23 2K# A= e % ( (O& : q 2UL% . &L
i« 2+qW . &i S= L +X i S#= ¦ k& K; 1 2q+G o .+ L> nK#~ £0 2L>
-.*#+ .+ y"= h V#Q :"H oi.W y"D > ;1 L> v . ¦ i S#+ 7p#> 2K R
.
!+ i S= bO# ) 5 b &'#+ f n| & (
i uS#"+ ;uAK 2uK 2 e 2+ rX 2+qW i e'+ e – (O& 'K"= – i xi
uK – (O& eH ¦ ;AW 'a1 . e6 (O& T+ 2
!+ o .+ y"= X op
. kHK#X>
uX + k& oW " e6 " i .1 . ( K bQi :"H Kg b :"H b ¥ – &
ru@ 2u n . " 2W " :KL k&
!+ :"H oK"+ 2 +v s'& . f L k;1 i
1v . xv
ui uf .%U . AK; & i S#"+ O;A eK#= R 2+X 2 i 2 > oYq 2
> i uS#= ouW .
!+
oW
= K . oW i S= , )*% O1 rK#~ i S#= 7
;+ F" T+ i S#+ 2"W M*c+ LO#+ & n +
2@3 ( , oi S# k& ) 5 ;%#
!+
o i> 2u kHuK#X> i uS#+ 2K# A= e % 2"
p A"" ' A % . oW
k& FL+ +X i S#W xv X + oW v . M* Y` '& e
+ . nK#~ 5 *A= 2W 2L>
r " 2u} " uK;" L> nK#~ £ & 2"
pK"+ RW (3 ' . #> r ( nK#~
eu % F" 2W : q 2UL% . ;#
> L8+ nK#OK"+ "1 2W o3 #
k& K;#/ 2q+G o .+ L> nK#~ £0 2L> o i> 2 2HK#X> 23 2K# A=
;1 L> v . ¦ i S#+ 7p#> 2K R i« 2W &i S= L
+X i S#= T+
. oW i S= bO# ) 5 b &'#+ f n| & ( -.*#+ .+ y"= h V#Q :"H oi.W y"D >
. " 2u} " k& y"= bXi e b"H l! i S#+
i S#+ 2"K+ g.+ ± & L>
> AH
K;A b%p+ bX – q – A+ M#+ o.!+ s'& , " " 2+ 2W 2+ 2+qW dS= K= .+
K;uA B"# A 4 " YZ= " ;A ;A 8
. kHK#X> i S#+ 2 :"H l!= T+ " 2} " s'& ,
v " YuZ= " ;uA FL+ K;A e
+ . 2K# .+ .%U (%.#LW 5 klW e ;# , YZ#= rK#~
u Bg8 ;%# y"= YZ#+ 2 H nS#L . nK#~ 2 <Q , sY` n YZ# K;1 L>
s K ;S ;& YZ ;# , B
*# – bX R :"H – nS#L > bA
+ . ;& b= i
uK ouW i uS= 2Xi ( (O& AH ) 2++ sL K
!+ i S= 2Xi n -!# > KW y+
. " i AH " #> r &L
{ 2} s'& r\X e e
;uAW cQ B;! ;A . sLA > Qi B"# ;AK1 . 2 2 r x 6L+ '& :"H 2X>
23 2K#3 K¸"L= #@ , " 2} " ic eH xaL A '#A+ . 2} e r818+ M*c= e ¦
y"= a K;A ( B"L= . i S#+ 23 . x ¥ & @+ \w> x%#W YGa#+ YZ#+
YGau#+ <S , O;AK"+ .%S1 . bL! L> ;1 rK#~ & @+ \w> ( 2 %= 2"
u± & ;A cAH
i} 2 + nK#OK"+ 2
W 2p%+ 2
!+ 2W A+ ( x%#W
#@A+ e 8
01 '& n . o 2+X .+ .%U *#= A+ ( F ;" i S#+ 23 g.+

23

)u 5 ;u# , v A+ b%#= ) xv ±
+ i S#+ 5 .Q
+ b= ' cAH e¯=
. 2+ 2W , " oW " & 2+ 2+qW , "
!+ " & cA+ '& A1H . si S= bO#
{ g.+ scAH i (O& i#
1
i uS#+ 2u 2@8 R . kK"+ )*%+ + . 23 X + Q :"H 2X> (a#+ R . !L"1 si#
. xv u± bu ;"H =i xv X W &
!+ " 2l1 " e (O& v y+ . ;A 7p#
2u+ .W 2* F*% '
& . xv ± ;"H =i xv X W k& oW " 2l1 " e i
( F W xv X W &
!+ oW " 2l!+ " 2* :"H 2! # xv ± & oW
!+ a
iu buv kK"+ )*%+ -U eH b=%G e
D > .E1# l1 X + , oW 2 +
!+ 2 + e
bu=%G e
D > k.E1# 1 k& i S#"+ *K K;A R " 2 + " 01 NZ+ D> <S , n. bS
FL= T+ .E1#W 2 GX e ¦ ;AW Y;S= 2+m F k" K1 AQ . kK"+ )*%+ -U eH
. F*_ R 5 b+
rK#~ i S#= 7 x§ e§ 2.E1#W r \H> e ei' X ei'
AQ A& e \ #
(% (/ e > ;AW 2"
p F b : &
1 Qi bA B"# .. [+ AK# i S x§ e§
(u hE"#L= > ( & K X + 2 %= T+ .+ 21 R ) ;AW 2"
p ( 01 2@A+ 2"
p (
:"H AA <!=> b & Qi bA B"# ¥ . ... b." e -" X + " Q " 2"
p
– b01 P "Q> 2Z+ -"SAW A+ / n + YZ#+ 2@ :"H \.#+>
j > kHK#X> i S#+ ;A
i S#+ 2 2pA % R'+ > ... 2.E1#W r> .W :"H <!=> 5 2X Y` , h E#+8+ 7 –
. 2.E1# 2SL!Q > + +q
=
= : x .+ kHK#X>
: ¦ ;AW i S= C11
uA+ " 2+ 2W " M%c#+ i :"H ri S= – n + , v 2+qW i S= eH ¢*# nS#L >
. F;# e 5 ;AK " 2+ 2W " ri S= >
u± ku& oW " : b 2W 2!L"!+ e ;AW bGi R'+ k.E1#W ¢ YW y+ e ;%## T+ 2gE
eu ( *# . ;1 #> r i S#+ %= rK#~ i S#= : k& 2HK#X> ;#= . " xv
. #> r8H e b W %= i S#+
2.%S+ o. . h.# ¦i nK# , > 2 #w> -.*#= e
D > : ;AW '& \ l :"H R@A+ ("*#"+ .%U
u . #> r8H e K; W %= =! = k.%U £ x8 . ( i#+}+ ) 2HAc+ . 2"+
ou# ku;1 v .+ . ( ++ ) (K= > y"³ 2" 2q+ ( i#+}+ ) y"³ > (K= 2%"`
(Kup= oYZc+ 2 X}+ ) 29 2
"W 2!c= 5 ;!+/ , &'= > 5 = .+ +/ 2''
siuU eH . kHK#X> i S#+ s 5 2%LA+ '& . ( 2"+ 2.%S+ 5 ++ 5 K#A > e'+ (
;uAW 'u& \ l :"H R@A+ ("*#"+ .%S1 . 2p o L> nK#~ ;1 si S= AA R'+ nK#~ eH R
r8H e ( n
#> P "Q , A#+ & k.%S+ £ c"+ xv ±
)

24

@A+ 7c .+ ;QQ :"H != T+ 28+ & k.%S+ \K#>
£ c+ e b! ® R'+ & #>
. 2+ 2W ;A 5 2%LA+ 2c+ 2@ k& . 2¨v k& y"= . 2 .+ « \K# eH
Fu h u uK;%= eu E"_ i 2Li : 2".#+ 2LiW 28 & b" y+ 7
& e > 21l 2Kq1 '& n . 2O#+ 2Q (= 2Zc+ 2K
m 2
!+ r> .W e 2H K 2LiW
i eH bL! eH E"_ i'#H 2QiKW , i%#> nl 2@A+ nl = (%
% F 'AK1 . ;"g.+ 1c
2+uQi ) kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , ( 2W Y` ) v A+ 2 j 2!+ > F + Kf 1 # ba
iu%#> nl 2@A+ nl #1 A+ ;@ 5 2Li (@#Q 2LiW > (1890 / 9 / 21 , ¿ " 5
. 2c.+ Qi , 2!w8%+ oi G 2Qi¨ ,
T+ 2Xi+ 5 #> r b1 i S#= "V# nK# 2c.+ Qi 2"> e PE 2!w8%+ . L A+
nuK#~ – oi q+u – i uU A+ o. 2!w8%+ 01 '& n . 2 #w> oi q+ h.+ RW ;AW ;%"S#
'!A#L (%> B«K# i S S#L #w> K"L M% h + . 2 #w> .. T1 L+
L> oi. 2LiW r#
+ p= . 8
¦+ -S+ Y` eH ( L*1 si S= 2` ¦+ h@A+
e #w> o.+ "` i 'A . PE3 28 :"H k.%S+ " kH + " :"H « _ , x =
8!+ E_ c+ , . k.%S+ B&\K#> Q. 2+ 2W ' + iZ X B . 2"+ 2.%S+ Y`
\.#+ \X ¥ . -g1 dOA oi q+ c+ .qW © = kL= . #> r i S#= (% 2 #w> oi q+
. ku¨v u&iU0 °!#*#+ oi q+ K#L= i 2@A+ 21 yL³ AH k
L== e . 2 .+ LiW
H1 & ! 2 n e B; LiW bX . Bv #+ %= 2 #w> KA+ #= h +
– 7u :"H – s [+ eU + k!1 . [+ eU + , l q v . &
2 ·c eH
eU u+ , uLiW . 2LiW #+ Li 2 .+ Y@A#+ 2 KS+ 2
!+ r>± y"= X =
2uH i ua uO#® " k"g uQ> X + " x + , LiW e oY% rHS !+| [+
, bu" + , 2QiKW F%q= '
& . 2+ o + iw 1Y1 2.L+ 2QiKW , (p!+ e !#L
2uW ;uA e kgE .+ y+ b#. Y` :"H dOA B# Á i S#+ bX )+q+ +
.. " xv ± k& oW " : 2+
r u_> (u LiW -. ;1 . h + A+ e \ # B;L! LiW 2Qi¨ 2QiKW k& y"=
. 2*ul 2+> b"H x= ;A B"# > !#+ e . ;1 !#+ e
D > r _ k& . & .. T+ 2.#+
-./ b1 #> r i S= 2Xi F kHK#X> n "+ Rc#+ :"H L> oi. : k& 5v ;#+>
– 2q+q+ ;#+> . k #w> h.#"+ \H iU0 2QiKW :"H « != 2 .+ : 2q+ b#+> . 2 #w>
. n + , LiW sE_ " ( " i}= > L!= > ;AK " 2+ 2W " k& – 2"K
W
2u %u= T+ .+ e 2H K ;AK 2+ 2W v { n + , LiW sE_ " ( " x . W
og1 ;A !#Q x%#W YG#+ YZ#+ 23 2K#3 LiW ;A B"= . rK#~ & @+ \w>
– Bu& – B;u e
+ . 2K"+ Y` r3 e B&Y` Yq :"H !# '& , B& . n + S= , c
x .= T+ 2gEO"+ '
= . 2+ 2W 2} B;%X e k '
= & -.*#+ .+ y"= YVL#
. xv ± k& oW :

25

ku& . u oYZ# k& A+ ;H 5 i ;H e rYZ= 7@+ x. : b1 '& :"H +
eu
+ ( b "Q b#` YZ#+ -"SA ) 2@A+ , G6 7@+ 78# :"H "#¶ > :"H . "#¶ > y+'
;uAW 2` . **u ;AW + ( & @+ \w> 2 %= T+ .+ ) ;AW , G6 > !W
. u«> ( , ;# % R'+ 7@+ YZ= & & bv oYZ#W 7@+ 2;X :"H oi.W A*"L
xu. . ;AW 2* hH :"H 8
+ y+ sYL!= :"H i ;AW bX :"H 7@+ rYZ= 01
:u"H oiu.W 2 3 y" F%L :"H "#¶ > :"H . "#¶> y+' k& . oi S# 2 2LiW Kg
i S#+ :"H 23 oi.W F . " 2+ 2W " b #= b#.= Y` :"H 2QiKW x8 e i S#+
" uU A i uS#+ :.%> s K1 k3 i S#+ s R'+ ;AW M*c= e 81 EEH & EEH
. " 2O#+
. b LW e
D > 8
tw 2LiW 2@A+ }# > A " : x AH 2LiW , ;#X> P A+ M#1 .+
i r&> ( , .# #w> :"H b .1 B""+ 2 E+ O FQi a A#. A
;uA eu ru&> ( , 8
1 .#1 2 + s'& LiW e Yq °! . " ;.= o*"+ @!®
, bu+ uw R'+ r@A+ i
1v , #+ \ q+ y+ 2QiKW e 2LiW F%L . 2
!+ r&>
. )3 '& n"S
{ 2QiKW Bg8= 2+ 2W M*c#+ R
!+ ;#X> ( e 501
.E1#W h ;! :"H a= ( 1962 ) " 2AA"+ 2LiW Q " P# , ;AW eH .E1#W F"c1 .+
u ... X xv X W & 2%S+ \ i > kLiW
!+ , (K#L & K
¦u Y` B;!+ k& " " 2LiW r#
+ , c.W 4W ' .E1#W bA i S#+ 2 5 o@
R'u+ & oW X 2 + " #1 " (% e A1H .1 '& n . ( 60 2*! ) kHK#X> i S#+ 23
. b"H h R'+ #1> eH k"V#+ Yv !+ '& :.%
1 . xv ± 1 5
: M%a1 8
" YZ= ( . -%
. " kHK#X> i S#"+ " kQQv " ± k& ( xv ± k& FL+ oW "
i S= & . 2QiKW #L :"H R
!+ #LW :"H 2LiW i S= B;1 , Gv ©+ ;AW , i S#+ '&
" (u+ & #> r i S= :"H Bg AO;A A"+ LiW A+ x . A1 . si
j i} >
ku& 2.%S+ 28+ > 2 .+ 28+ 2+! B"L#+ n b A+ + . AH kHK#X> i S#+ , " kQQv
" (u+ & #> r8H e b > i S#+ , x1 G6 L> kH £ c+ , " kQQ> " (+
u , \ku \uX :"H ec (@ kZ%A 81 '& A+ + . AH ... b! / , " kQQ>
ouKO#W 2LiW oi S#W 2LiW :"H #§ A+ kZ%A > R . ;AH (.A= T+ 2".#+ 2LiW r#
+
eu 2LiW k! W ' E#+ . kLiW
!+ , i S#+ 2 - = , A%X e B;L>
yu"= u
A= > – 2Zuc+ s' – (%. . kHK#X> i S#+ , L> o i 2+1 5 2%LA+ 2%"L+ 2K«
i S#+ e b! ¦#+ L> o i K / , " kQQ> " (+ AK"= v , ( . 2+!+
k!#
> b|i= nAc L> A& ;1 . #> r i S= &® K #> r8H e b & kHK#X>
buX + :u"H bAc – (% e kH p+ %+ x K – b! F/ R 2|i= 2 , b 'a
. #> r i S= s® R'+

26

. M*c+ ;" e F# F (/ ;AW 2"
p Y`
u
" uKg " kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , " kQQv (+ " & #> r i S=
AH bv y+
x E – 2 e – e*A1 " 7@+ ( , " 2L> o i> K ® R'+ & #> r8H e n W
2+#+ A= S
=
( , A 7 .
W E+ , YZ#= > T+ ;#K# i S#+ iU ,
ri S= " " ba 2K"+ 21W . :"H >
= #> r S= e E & T+ #> r S=
r i uS= -%uL 5 h.# i K# (p! A K# 5 i S#Q \kw (
1 #> r
uLiW bK"= ( – 2G 2 e – i&v -"SW h ;!W ' " kQQ> " Y%= ' + AA
+ . #>
b##%G AS> o " 2} " 5 + " xv " 2K" k& " kQQv " 2K" a 2QiKW e
u#> r8H YZ= > B# 2A+ x+ , T1 L+ /> , #> r i S= e 2QiKW
i S= hH o l q b"X ( ¦+ ; ¯Z 2
v o*#W r> + , #> r i S=
¦+ -S+ Y` eH k #w> x *#+ oi*#W x+ oi. (® )+q+ + , #> r
#> r Y= k#. i*#+ S#Q iK#Q ;#%U YZ (g Q , #> r i S=
Bu;! > ¥ ... [u+ eU + , 2iK#Q> rLQ6W (! kZ%A K 2 %+ ;H , %+ (1 K
r (K#uL= u n "V#+ rXi , K@ ;A K1 r!#= 2!"V# )+q+ + , rK#~ :.%=
2.#W 8%+ e oi #LW S+ o #>
2u , uKg G6u (uH #> r i S= ¦ ;AW M*c= , 2G o S R'& (.A"1
i S#+ , b o E#W 2W b=X n%w µ k
+ #8+ 2Kg + L> 2X B
kHK#X> i S#+
i uS#+ , MOAuA+ si uS R'+ #> e " kQQv (+ " & M%c ( 2KA#+ ) Rc#>
. bu=8H b= #> P "Q eH F R , (!Z A+ > b bA B"# . i
A Y` '& . kHK#X>
u#> r i uS= b1 #> P "Q :"H 7# Rc#> A YZ#+ c# AH A
uAK# u D T+ 2|i#+ 7@+ e Yq , b ... r8+ y"= sYq= R'+ £ c+ sL T+ r8+
... kHK#X> A ¯Z T+ 2QQv 2K;W & b=8H b= #> P "Q S= (X e A+ M%c
. '& :"H 78>
A ( n Kg kHK#X> S#+ 2 , " kQQv (+ " & #> r i S= > '& e
+
u# r S=
: 7 :.%1 . 7@+ ( , i S#+ e b! ® R'+ & #> r8H e
kQQ> (+ &
> AH .. {
> kHK#X> S#+ , AOA+ kQQv (+ & 2W o3
.. { "#¶ 81 2K"H 21 '& ( 7 .. { kQQv (+ – –

2u + u/ u& A& " kQQv " & 21 ;AW 2"
p oYS k& B Ai
A"+
nu%#= e
D T+ +Qv 2"1v / ;" (%Q , A+ 2 %+ / n + ;S T+ r8
pW
2uZ+ :u"H B;!= e B`+ EK# A+ ;"H "#| T+ 2"tQv k& y"= . 2+1 (gQ + qv i#
(u eu B`+ ;AH 2X> 2* :"H (p!+ dOA+ # T+ 2"tQ> k& y"= . kHK#X> i S#"+ 2g;A+
. (p!= ¥ x'%= T+ ; 2c+ A+
. ;AW 2"
p h o A= 2"tQ k&

27

A kHK#X> i S#+ 2 %= T+ .+ " 2K# " .#! A ;U eH (!Z e
D > Av y+
. X e 2%O#+ 2Q , A*% " kQQv (+ " & KH )*% e§
(u ;A A1H . 2K# . (%.#LW 5 klW e b# , %A & K X + AK"= .+
'u& <S , b A1H . b Ga# sY` , G6 b# x8 b #> YZ= oK#L 2 , X + , \kw
ul u& x AK"H (O& . x .+ .%U kHK#X> i S#+ 2 B#= x%#W YGa#+
T+ oW 2 l & x aS (O& i AK"1 . i S#+ 2 . R'+
!+ 2
. kQQv (+ LiW e A1H ¥ . xv ± k& '& :"H oW bA A1H i S#+ 2 .=
ou 2X _ nS#L – A"H k.%1 . 7@+ ( , kQQv (+ FL+ 2QiKW e A1H ¥
uAH . 7@+ ( , kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , kQQv (+ & 7 – &AU T+ 2"tQv :"H
. ;AW 2"
p A""
.1 'tA . b# % R'+ .+ & 7 A"H :.% b1
2u1 5 2u*" 2X , M%c (KH (+ k& ( oX 2@ FL+ 2LiW A+ x. AH ic#
POH> " & + bAH )*% AK; b"K+ 8
+ &'V# R'+ " L> " 2 %= T+ .+
.+ 21 & bAH )*% AK; e
+ . 2+ }"+ A! k!VA+ 2@A+ A+ MKL= T+ 2W "
u 5 AK# S= , ;#K# e !#L nS#LA+ K# (%.#LW 5 klW e rK#~ 2 %= T+
21 5 2X , .. 2
!+ 2W 5 2X , AL+ Rg.+ .+ e i } 5 2X R e§ '& ,
LA aS9 2O#+ ;A 5 A= + i#Q &'a 21!1 2@ 5 2X , AL+ "#¶ 81 ;+ B
#§ om
. !!+ 2LiW \% , B&i
1 B;! !| A+ e B [+ eU + , @AA+ . 29 i
1 ;+
. m 8
q PA+
u> 2QQ ( H b=8H b= #> P "Q
) 2 #w> (X e xA+ 2Q ,
AH
2%" 2g.H oH :"H A+ 2.#Q> · (KH (+ " 2+ 2W " %= 2 #w> -.*#= & S= e
r8
up Yu` r8
p kHK#X> n + A"H dS AH e
+ . 2+}> 2++ l A# ,
u u yu+ . aS9 2O#+ r&# , ( oH.+ y"= ow% .#! b=8H b= b "Q #>
.. k #w> x *#+ , 2¬+ k*l #w B;A ( 2++ l B; , LiW
. " 2 .+ 2+aLW " b KL ; e B;! , > E rH 1 B;A <! ¥
2u .+ 2S + 1 Bv X 1# B . " 2 .+ 2+ " 2K« LiW eH k!A > %A+
B;A
+ . oW 2 .+ r3 2 .+ k .+ X + "; > i , 2 .+ r3 ªi= K"
u"` \ i r 'u+ " 2 .+ 2+aLW " F .+ . b
A > b 1 R'+ n + '& e B;! , !"#|
u+ uLiW u 78uV"+ %%Q 2 .+ e W LiW 7 ! , FG T+ r.p>
uLiW ) %+ <.p 5 R'+ & . A+ , W , LiW B;A LKA+ , LiW
u=W " bu= s#uQ " u A+ 789 iG R'+ & 2!wA 2!w8 5 PE3 -p1 ( 2A;c+
+#uQ bA ¢® <.p> A+ r@3 , 2q+ 2++ i 5 R'+ & . k
L=
¥ . 2u .+ 2+auLW eH b%# #
& A+ o1 > y+ (® r .+ e W x
\ i & . 78L` + H p+ 2%cH T1 L+ kH p+ PE3 <.p> \ i 2 .+ e W
uKg ol 2 .+ 2+aLW ) [+ eU + , . Ac+ LiW F1 L+ LiW <.p>

28

<.up> %%uQ u r u oH 2 .+ 2.+ e LiW "# .1 5 e 2%;#"
1958 2AQ , ¥ SL"1 BL.= i i AH 1947 2AQ 'A 2 LiW eH <.p8+ LiW
2AQ , ¥ 2G8q+ o + 2 FU < + i/ AH 1959 2AQ , ¥ 2i Q c o + F AH
u. 2u"#± iv :u"H 2A;c+ P+ 2#m 2W 1970 ¥ xc!> n AH 1961
;u" rK@A E 1 \Â i H # B;A
+ (g Q b= ¦}> EZ+ l LiW
eu bu+ > '& ( e W v & & 2W 2%U e W :"H 2!"#$ ;A
+ 2Li
. .!# K 2 .+ e B;! , .!# > B& . " 2 .+ " e ! eK#
'& h« O Y` Ba LiW h« O &YL!= e
D> o&@+ s'&
Au+ YuZ=
x %.W e + . eH B; LiW x . K " 1*A " Ba e
, µu#!#+ &YuL!#+ k!
> K 2LiW b#1 hH 5 X i b= x8 r oH 2 .+ e b! W bL!
. 2 .+ e W '& }#+ B&Y` A+ E"_ iW x eH 2 c9 ©+ kLiW ¢ #+
u " u6= kuLiW ¢ #+ e c nK 2+± [+ eU + , P#
+ b+'% R'+ Y%
+ ; y+
8u1 u 2u+%# rS eH \SZ+ p cA+ , )*%+ . 2 .+ e W
" B&
\ u# K#u; Yu` A Av . ! (KH & cA+ nK Y` ! \kw 5 R6> ... 8H kLiW
01 &l 2LiW n c= 2..3 7 x§ A R ;"H h Of 2LiW eH £1+
.!# B& K 2 .+ e :"H LiW -!# > W : & b"H 2X> 7 AK; R'+ x 6L+
xuA+ 5 2%LA+ Baw K k .+ xA+ 5 2%LA+ 2¬+ k*l Kg
W . 2 #w> :"H
{ k #w>
nS#uL Bu"1 . bu "u# " 2+ 2W " B;K"= > k .+ X + 1# KA Bv : x . e§
2uO#+ " o+ 2 .+ r3 2 .+ e B;! F
1 . 2 .+ , o 2@ :"H .#" LiW
.
5
e "# c= 2QiKW x8 " aS9
1 B n . y+ &.#A ¥ + }"+ ;U K " 2 .+ 2+aLW " dS kLiW
!+ '& 2
b# l n "+ X K;1 bA > \:U B;1 rK#~ \wv & @"+ ¦ }"+ B;!+
. 2u .+ , " 2uLi 2@ " e 2+ 2LiW r\X . (%+ '& . r '+ 2 .+ aw , B >
, 2u+ }"+ 2@A"+ YL!= 8
"/ 8a= 2 .+ r3 2 .+ eH +#Q Y` +#Q b+ (
Buv P p+ (Z#L= T+ oSLW Bv 2!#+ k& kLiW
!+ ; T+ o + 21l> . 2 .+
kLiW W / , Y% G r 21l k& . 2q+ = 5v 2 . i*#+ (X e M1
= T+ oi ;.W
u K"+ u.%S= F ( 2 ."+ 2¡+ X B;1 o+ e
= 21l> s'& e
+ . k .+ i*#+ r e
Bu"= uK U u+ i*#+ i , [> &i 2AU + 2 X}+ e . 2 X}+ r3 e kLiW
Fu \ Q ¦+ iK#Q> e i*#+ r 21 5 LiW a= #D A& e . 2QiKW e LiW
5 2uX , u W '& + . " U " i/ r KL 2"% h 2K" h 2 w h 2
e 2"lAW .+ 21
b1 .#" 7 2+}8+ k #w -"SA e i} & ( s}#+ 2 .+ , 2@
ru3 :.%#uL1 . 2 .+ r3 2 .+ e R
!+ LiW W 8
= eK# > bA
+ . i*#+ (X

29

i*#+ (X e ;# , ; +*#+ kZ%A 2i/ F + 2 X r kLiW
!+ , 2 .+
. q > U +
'& e q 2 (&
buX#® R'+ i.+ AH 2+ %. . 2+ o + e W f . bA oYq 2"q [+ eU + ,
ou +1 . ou :"H kLi ( ;+ kK#A T+ " 2K"> 2++ " , b+ x *#+ r%"S# k #w> \A%+
hu.#+ i uU , 2u=!# 2u+ x+ F W . 2" 2gEX 2K" 2 e Li ;+ @A 2+
;u"%. . uQQ ;+ K#A T+ x"+ %= r!# o + e 2+ x+ , LiW 01 Rc#>
o #H -./ i. " s" " , " 2"+ 2.%S"+ " ;../ og1 e i. W %= B; ;1 B;
uL Tu+ 2i #Q+ 2Zc+ f %"S > "%. e'+ . ;"% 2+6LW i w 2+ 2v , 2"+ 2.%S+
. 2+}> l i*#+ i , o " 2;%X " " 2+ P p+ " nK T+ 2Zc+ "%. ( 2v o
u! LiW . ;1 . f 2"K+ ; 2!+*#W 2 ;c+ 2+}> l 2 SL"1 / ;G
u (g uQ 2+ X Rp%+ S#Q> . 2+}> l kW+ £ c+ r i S= n 28c+ -L#
ou :"H 2H 2+ ( , LiW ;A . y"#1 2+ o + ;#8H oi*#W iv Yc
( YZ# K"W n + W . M*c+ W b ± kgE B; " K"W n + " F%q R'+ W
!"#| b1 2QiKW x8 " aS9 2O#+ " 2"c3 %= h 5 h e "# .+ y"= e B;! 01 h
.
SL= T+ " 2 .+ r3 " 2!#+ b"H R SA= & 2 ."+ kLiW B;!+ 2%"Q :"H 2+> '& e q
" uLiW B;! AH . U + i*#+ (X e M1
= T+ " 2 .+ r3 " ;"Z#L= P p+ :"H
G f K;! > R . 2 2+1 2 e k& 2i/
= e
D K 2 H
= e
D " 2 .+
" ... |i= F
= A+ e 2H " ba 7 X 2v :.%= (%.#LW nA ,
, 2u+ }"+ 2u@A+ r k& . h E#+ R eK# > %"Q " \K# " 2 .+ :.%= A+ o , sG 7
.(6o.1)2 .+
bu"³ W .%U 2 .+ r3 e B;! LiW 'a . 2 .+ , 2Li 2@ kLiW
!+ .#!
,8
1 (lA= )+q+ + , 2 .+ r3 "` F W . 2++ l iW r i S= 2QiKW r il
B;! e
+ . i*#+ i , 2 .+ ."+ G \!" LiW 01 ¦}> iK#Q> l i*#+ i
. (u&O#+ 5 2%"Q . 2 > 5 2%"Q . Rg.+ #LW :"H 2 .+ 5 2%LA+ Kg 2%"Q (@#Q
;A r81> e > " 2 oil " 4 2%"Q . #6 " 2 .+ r3 n +*#+ 4 2%"Q
ou " 2+ 2W " v . 2 .+ e NO#+ W '& Y` S#L > LiW . e
¨ F c ,
. k #w> i S#+ ;#8H 2 .+ 2.. LiW B"= eH
Bu;¨ \S` 2 .+ iU , (
+ \.#+> 5 LiW e Yq <8S e ® R
!+ i c.+ '& x E
eu B;! , 2%+ i'X R'Z x E ( . 2+ rU e b"H i B& ( 2 o E~ 2+ 2v
, \u.#+> v y+ . [+ eU + , 2.#+ 2 .+ .+ (gc1 e 2"lA 2"c1 Bf % < 2 .+ .+
ku!
> buA
+ .+ o# 2;%X , +*#"+ k!
#p H l 2gE 2"W 2QiKW 2Q
u uLiW \u.#+ 8
qK1 . 2g.H o :"H > 2i q+ o + h .= > 2i q+ .+ o +

30

LiW n #w> .+ bX ) i*#+ i 2Q , > B# > Á 2.#+ 2+ .+
u*A u – (u% e ¢ K 2DE + – 2 k;#A= e
+ . ;g!" 2+}> & #p H
. kK"> f8Z#Q> \S` b= kLiW
!+ f . . 2 .+ 2*"+ 2W 2K"> .+ 5 LiW
" 2u ;u#"= 5 ... 2 #w> BQ 2+c!> ;! f i} . «SS$ V+ «E;Xa .*#"
uA oaO1 '# 2 .+ Pi , \.#+> 5 1 2 ;c+ ;#!" 2+}> l " 2H
. Yc r o 2H 2
u u" " 2uK"> " , o 2Q i e b" kLiW
!+ "| oE 2 , %` +
o&u? dup B;! kLi R x® > 2K"> h ;!W = e r !W o1 LiW
euS! > u%` + .. { o + § x . > 2 #w> § oYLW , % i v q "= T+ 2K">
iuc eu \EÃ [+ p+ e \EX iqt#Q = K1 = T+ 2K"> 5 [+ eU + , LiW
iu® e'+ b"; > x8Z#Q> x
w e (
w k& [+ p+ 2. [+ eU + , #> r
Z+ e + . .1 2Z+ i e & 1H T+ x
wv , B;L! c® > b+
w ( , x8Z#Q>
uLiW ;A 2+ 2W v . %` + . > ...{ B.= LiW c n F/ 2K"> µ=
\uA o u. 2 .+ A1H > kXi h& o . 2K"> k& B;K" e
D > 2 .+ k& B;K" R'+
. k #w
u .+ ® . 2 oiL . oY% oiL [+ eU + , LiW b R'+ R
!+ " ¾ !+ " '&
7uH \ uQ u Yuc <1i – k .+ -"SAW e – B 2v s'f \A LiW }# e'+
iK#uQ> eu i*#+ i , .+ +/ 7 e§ . s
h b 1#H s 1 h '& LiW
(&O# > '& e
+ . 2 .+ e b1 !+*#W e
K; bKH Y% L 2 ;c+
2 \ H Q ;A !#L 2 iG b+ F [+ eU + , 2K"> X 5 LiW e Yq §
. 2 #w> (X e xA+ q i.+ r ' <¯ H 2+ o + <¯ H K . [+ L>
oYq
+ B«*= e B`+ [+ eU + , F+U T+ 2Y&K B;#+EH e LiW i/ '& ,8= e
D >
– K1 – '& 5 -U > .
#
= " \.#+ + g.H \.#+ 2+ 2 .+ LiW :.#+ >
eu ug.H u ! !. B;K" > R'+ ( 2+ 2W ) \:U9 B;O;A X a >
. 2QiKW B§ (% ;AW 2"
p ( > b+ -U> R . 2 .+ 23
. )3 e £ l W '& , bAH ¢*# '& (X e
" #w H " *%a1 2 #w> .#+ h B;L! n .+ ;l -%Q " 21.G oi G " s'&
Fu 01 . (g v k .+
!+ o'=Q e 2" U AQ s K"= K 2 ."+ ¦ }"+ h ;!W ;1
uK 2 #uw8+ RW h ;!W ;1 ® " H #w " *%c 5 LiW R6#Q oi q+ s'& (q
u ¦u i S#+ . Ri q+ i S#+ '& "%. B;"H 01 (g v 2LiW o'=Q e 2" U AQ s K"=
u :"H A!"# + O#"+ 2" 2LiW a 7 #H> e 81 . B&i
1 LiW bA F"! e
D>
2uA oX i
1 h ( b+ 7= (K#® 2LiW S= e§ . > h & Á
e B;L! LiW e . ` R
1 ¢ = 5 \K#> 2!+ ~ 2Li i
1 x. ¥ ;O;AW
R 2u@A"+ Ri uq+ S#+ " B;%« " > LiW '& , + . 2LiW 2@A+ 2QiKW ,

31

U$ e i*# 2@ 5 oA#L Kg 2QiKW (@= .= 2* ;A q & 5 H &
. aS9 2O#+
. &O# 5 oi G &i S eW kLiW ¢ #+ eH \AZ#Q> bX R :"H > 2LiW
;uA
+ 2u+X k& ) e 2** k;1 . ;" aS FL+ " 2+ 2W " & aSV"+ kQQv icW (
¦ (3 v y+ . 2**
#+ 2+q
= > '& . 2 k& ) e 2** FL+
e 2H o " ba !AW eg
+ y+ " L> "
) . L> &
!+ oW A#"+ M*c+
uQiD Au+ 'A LiW e Yq v e n + . i S#+ , kQQv (+ & " oW \'+
;uAW M*uc= > :u.% 81 . kHK#X> i S#+ 23 g.+ i+ ' L8+ B"L#+ e Q :"H Bf
. K# bL! L> 2 % R'+ .+ 7 a y+ 2QiKW n <c+
. (" b1AQ &
. -*#L ¨ q @# > 6Q bX e A+ > b1 (%

32

C4C
k8Q> ;AW

¢ #+ eH 2. C12
, … 2W 2+qW 2+ 2+ }"+ 2K#3 eH b1 dS r@A+ &AW eH ¢*# AH
%&'u1 B;G u= "& B&i'X .1 e'+ :"H A+ B¯# kHK#X> A i¯ S= 21W 2+m
B&8 K#Q e'+ B& iv LA B&i
1 B;A i #L PZ+ R
! AH 21W LK#"
euH !
e+ h + B "" > B& "l PZ+ R
! . eH B«i KS B;# +
& #Q +® B«Q :"H @1® ("#+ ' Q ("#+ ' Bv . q% h 5 B;""=
5 H : ( , 2%l` A 2!H A 2!UH o H bX . %+ n c> oL+
. ".= B#A + b#1 +/ 21 5 PZ+ B
18Q -%Q .1 \kw ( 1= B
G =
K# + . %U| Ba B;L! H| e'+ > ;"&O# 81 Yq ic 2+ 2v , f o H y"=
uA+ u f o H (&O#A1 A# , A+ :"H k"#L £¶ £¶ A+ kZ%A > e§ . 2v s'& Y`
. OA1 ;#OA1 b%#A ( . Yq ic
u`i + nS#L (& . bKAA+ ( .1 b1A+ > AG = 5 , %` i A :"H > -!#A+
uiv :u"H uG -u!#A+ .b1 :.% bG = e
+ bL! +Z .. { bG = eH ª"LA si'X )#
i :u"` (u U F 5 X#*Q + :"H oL+ " ¯EH " , 2" U e'+ e'+ eK#LW
u."# Bu& B;gu , x E " v (X+ < != " . p%+ o LW K"#+ 2i
;L! 2iv rK#~ " , iv e oYq £. , P p+ ;l T+ i*#+ i , 2ic+ i+
:"H K"
#W \K"+ e A18Q ;p ;U ;AH AG/ T+ 2
!+ .+ :"H Y -!#A+ .
(u#.+ u 5 F"u rH i & ' ;1 Bf F 2q+ 28W +v 2 (% <S nQ
iu
1v eu Yqu 5 ui R
! e Yq .%Q A18Q e Yq 7 . o
!"+ ic# x#.+
5 h & 1 -%Q ¦ EZ+ . " X + o " 21 5 ri; -%Q [H e e+ km 7 . r@A+
5 A%uQ -%Q kL+> x}X e . " 2!AW " 21 5 A#X B+ -%Q wi e . " 2%%L+ " 21
21 5 ri
-%Q AQ e . " i S#+ " 21 5 ei -%Q [ i!+ . " d+ oW o " 21
R8W nQ#+ .+ 'A b 7 . … " 2|i#+ 2W " 21 5 i -%Q " e . " 2 "
up# R LW b#Qi e 2 e e ( 2%L "+X iv eOL (%

33

7 . … QA& iv Y%+ 5 = 2 eH o
1 AQ e %A#Q 2 +
} A+ K"H !c+
# 2+c+ S+ 2HA ap g 9 i + H# A18Q
" Kp+ h " v h 2
"!+ B«Q i , " !c+ " 7 ( . … r³` "+
" R#pW h " K9 h " iSH h " \iv h " ªW h " \G8q+ h " K.+ h " AGv h
. xE= £ %Q> hv \ & ."U i> ;#1 " ( h " F%L+ h " o&E+ h " 2K h
. b 1# iv b1 X b1 '& (
i 5 &A". ¥ &A .%Q eKH 21W i' A"] K A k& 2+aLW . A& FL+ ;" 2+aLW e
+
KW , 4` 2 % 2%= oi "% 2+ .c oi S# o k.#" A 01 & KA1 iv &."=
hu.#+ , FK;uQ T+ Bv ( (q e§ ( b"H "!S# 21K"+ i e (;A > e§ . 2Ac+ , e.=
2p%+ 5 h. ¥ bKAA+ AG = x i bA !#L A. e L> ¢ #+ , \w Ri3
bu+ u A X K" AG = eH A .# e'+ :"1 . b. 5 21l o
. & i e A18Q T+ - L+ y"= b+ F;# i U e ."SA bKA
. 2 e '&
e'+ l ;l ¶ 2il 2 , x'% ;X ( x.= 2K" FL+ AG = 5 o + 01 2 e
:"H oi.W e
+ ¢ #+ i #X :"H oi.W FL+ A& o}+ . ¢ #+ y+ e V"L i'X S.
AOH . c+ i i= T+ Gv 2l nAc+ 2A.# 2*"Q> r ' > ;1 c#A e+ 2 y"= . bg
:"H °1§ A y+' . XA9 h #!+ r gU bX > w% x# , K*#" ei%W 2+ S%
Riu3 R*#+ (%. AH .1 bS#L ( ·c+ "L+ $ 5 Pf '& nS#L e+ A01 bKA AG =
. b= a b=H ¶
. ;X 2+aLK"+
A AL+
5 A! A nK1 . 2iK#Q> oSL+ F/ 2+'W ;H e sAGi R'+ " Ä.A+ " bX &
21.q+ . 2"%
x E= Bf .H . %H + E A Yq > i9 e A"H 2l!W 2 %+ Y%
B;G u= e "O| B«Q B;K"H > s e 1 > R'+ B;|i= K;# B;1 . K#LW ;` T+
7u 2 #
> o
!+ "%. > . p#LW B;K"H bA 1H + tw bA 1 > R'+
. uiv bu+ u x .+ + . W X i ,
!W b+ ¨ 'V# ;AH 2# 2A=>
5 – Ri – A R6Q %+ 2A&' kHK#X> A YZ= A#+m . 2"" 21 % A& i*#+
YuZ e+ . b= i A"H ! nS#L eW oL+ ÅH E;_ A , ; nS#L eW .+
. %H Av %H (@AL1 A# e A=Q
A nA e
= 'tA tw e
. 2 e '&
M%c 2iv oi3 2"1 5 BA kHK#X> A YZ= \ i e A KU :c 01 2 e
# o B;A e Xa#Q + B; , Yc nA+ . 2+± \AH e AL! k! A 5a1 i K#
e A! . oY% 2' A& 23 %= . "! 2 i q B;1 B«K# ` K AK# 2` Bf
YZ#+ 2"KH e q tw eK# YZ#+ ' Y` " e§ " A kHK#X> A " e§ " ¯Z (X
> p% A= L 2O#Q eK# . [+ eU + , b=%"Q b= (
[iv ªi#+ i
= e q «

34

& y+ . :"H AH e 21l ¥ sE_ e W i# eK# . -"9 eH !
S#L
A+ a AHA# :"H \kw ( (% 21l> y"= #= . YcW gA%+ eW e§
:"H i i}
uA A=iu. F"w T+ "V#+ oSL+ AKS + b#1l :"H i A L> h.#+ 5 b!
sA";X AG = A"& i'X Aqq#X 2i3 bA e A|i= A`1 8
*#L % £A# & . 8
U
. = Bf
1 A kH e'+ r"!S+ ." A. ¥
. £l > 2; >
: B"+ e+ C13
.8
U @# R'+ x 6L+ dSA+ ;AW 2"
p 5 29 2.W s'&
2+ }"+ :KL 1 (% B«K# A+ i U { pH L+ .+ (% iv B (!= F
'1 ;A oi
A Y` r i e 7 5 &i U . ... 2W 2+qW 2+
5 B&uS r &A 2 F . n + S#+ ;AW oil e 2 %+ 'A sAKH W 2QiKW e '
=
.. { B&S R'+ K1 Ri3 h.#+
. e+ B"+ (% . e+ : k& 2X>
;A 2QiKW x8 eK1 . n + YZ= ;U " 2K"H " 2"tQ eH rX > ( > F .+
V#uQ . oYqu gu#A+ oYq %Q 1H . %%Q \kw (
+ 2 %+ 'A A+ 7H ( aS9 2O#+ )
'uA b Y` . 2QiKW x8 e KA= B;#1 2 %+ 'A . B«X e Yq £%w , dOA B;#1
uf 2%%L o &\ i a " A»1 " %%Q f 1 ¢/ & ? \w @> 2 %+
. \ e \w " .+ " " o .+ " y"=
" hu+ " h ;!W '& .. 2 + 2QiKW e ;1H K 2K#3 :"H L> kH + a= 2 %+ 'A > F
1
. h u;!W 'u A iv :"H L (
+ 6 AA
D . L (
1 e \EX h + x E e"+
. \p eK1 bL! , a#+ '& }#| e nS#L
B"+ e B`+ & @+ \w> 2 %= T+ .+ 21 , (&'W h.#+ e B`+ bv y+
2%S+ :"H L> ;QiD T+ o.+ oSL+ e B`+ .+ y"= e E 7p#> 2HL+ -g1 x
\w> / T+ " o .+ " 2& eH 2 %+ 'A A+ (Zw R'+ x 6L+ 01 & !p# T+ ."+ V#Q
l e Yq 7 e§ . i%#> 2O#+ k!A+ r%GÆ+ 2" 2X . 2K"H 2X 5 .#! x E & @+
x E R . k;#A= 23 r eH 2K"H 21 tw 7> A
+ «&
+ , 23
eH .E1#W F"c! . xE b > 2K"+ 21W FL= K" - H & . H .E1#K"+
'& , X b# 7p# +® " & K " X + n "# A+ (% AH B"+
. > X + F¯ T+ o .+ eH klW , )*%+ 5 2X (%.#LW , b -.*#+ B;!

L (
+ . A+ (Zp= 2 xE= .E1#W e
+ . 21W e E 5 B"+ <8S> 2. xc!> '&
e bL! :"H bS :"H 2"tQ e .E#W bS= :"H 2! 2A"H 2 2X s
'& e"H
" e6 " & . b%%Q 7 > ;+ AL ;1 ; e
K; " o " b+ . " X + Q" eH 2"tQ

35

B&Y` e D ( *"W + r '+ 2& +v 2"
p , K"H b#%q nS#L> bv %` D sAQ 2*c
i%#> BD r%G eH EXH B;" . X Y` ½ a " A6 " B& . X ½ a " e6 " B&Y` .
e'+ yt+ " + b%c= " bA= H B;" A# A6 K1 B;" .2K"+ 2O#+
. ½ X
AH e+ 2"
p ¸" Ba B;L!
kZ%A 81 . )3 '& , AK; & &i S= o3 B@A (c#= T+ ;
, v R #L=> '&
h8Q> eH K1 ¢*# e§ . ¢*# r '+ e R eH § 8U " e+ " eH '& ¢*#
[u+ n + 2|i= 28H h8QÆ+ v ( L*1 )3 A+ MKL bAH 7 Av > . *#+ bX :"H
e'u+ u 2uA6W 2v s'& Y& !q EX ;"& ;";X 28H k& sYZ= A"Zp R'+
> ;A 7 k!
Yq
+ 28+ y"= e 7AQ . ;"H \8#Q> ;AH 2Z+ n e %U|
(ug% e B& + / 2L> oi3 , K;Q B«i A oYq rK# B;K# i U P+
. b# i F/ h8Q> BQ E_ E_ K#Q Ri q+ xA+ e x8 o 2 5 2!"#$ P w
Tu+ r@A+ y"= 7 (% E_ E_ : & b"H 2Xj e v bA P;> R'+ x 6L+
.. { &A1H > si S= 2` :"H k.#" nS#L> A [+ AK# S#+ 2> ;#1 BHE
: x .A1 ;#_ x 6L+ '& :"H 2Xj ,
k8Q> ;AW C14
, A+ (#+ h
e y+ b1 . 2& +> 2"
p (c# R'+ k.E1#W y+ h8Q> ,
Ru
!+ ¢ #+ , b1 K &'W eH )3 Y%#+ k& 2@A+ . 2@A+ 2"
p (c# R'+ B& 6w
;uA k8Q>
!+ e 7 k" K1 x§ . ;AW eH )3 <S , 8> 8 . k8Q>
. k8Q>
!+ , kHK#X> i S#+ " -SA " kHK#X> i S#+ , K"LW
eu °8A+ . 2K# . & @+ \w> 2 % . " 2K#3 " k& A1H K ;AW r8
p 5
u
!+ , 2"K#L k& K " eAL+ " Y%= " A+ " Y%= b#+> , RL b"K#L K " .+ " Y%=
hu@ % e h8Q> ' .1 . K"L :.% s
A B"LW e
D> h8Q> , "2K#3 " 01 b"H . k8Q>
" . x%#= > eAQ r e
+ , "a# 5 A+ H . A6> e'+ :"H 2O bL r%G
+
. ( 77 : \ Q> ) " 8%= A#AL+ > " . ( 62 : P E> ) " 8%= ½ 2AL+ e+ " e'+ , ½ 2AQ
uA#% kQ i ;1 A.+ & iv 1 e f &A &AA B; 1 \KL+ 5 @A B"1 "
(X d%> -+1 " . ( 99 : h> ) " bA s 5 @ " . ( 7 6 : < ) " ( e ;1
2.+ h 5 Q ("+ B
"H ½ (X B#i ( " " . ( 69 : h> ) " %L K.+ Kp+ A
Q ("+
½ Yu` b+ e 2.+ h 5 Q i;A+ B
"H ½ (X B#i ( . KL= 81 \ B
=a ½ Y` b+ e
PAH e rAX r iO# nS iv , " . ( 72 71 : Äc.+ ) " c%= 81 b1 A
L= (" B
=a
bu= eu " . (4 H+ ) " (v , :"H ; (! \ :.L A Y` A (§ £i
AXa1 \ \KL+ e xE ½ = " . ( 22 : h+ ) " B
+ B
#AL+ 78# iv r KL+ -"
hu> P u+ A+ e Q ` + "#$ ] X x% e + !"#$ r b

36

: 2uG ) " B
." , A6K"+ r iv r KL+ , " . ( 28 27 : U1 ) " y+' b + "#$
xEu A+ n!A *%+ , R T+ y"!+ i;A+ ("+ 78# iv r KL+ -" , " . ( 43
\KL+ VLW P*L+ d+ c= 2 ( e ;1 ) « iv b a1 \ e \KL+ e ½
20 : ri 'u+ ) " B
L! , A K"+ r iv , " . ( 164 : o.%+ ) " ". h .+ r iv
) " u".= B
"+ b= B
+ ½ % y+' " . ( 53 : F"c1 ) " B;L! , <1> , A= B;AQ " . ( 21
©uc A+ B"= :"H i c.

.+ r e Y% %X _ '
& . … ( 242 : o.%+
+ " : b# :"H ½ X :"H 8
+ '& e 'a & . B
m h@ <L= e
+ , w
. ( 22 : \%> ) " =L!+ ½ > 2f K;1
& @+ \w> 2 %
A Bv > 2K#3 , F" T+ r@A+ 1 k8Q>
!+ P¯#
5 2uK#3 AQ0 @!#*+ r@A+ y"= si.= K 2K#3 ic
A Bv x%#= > 2K# .
u A K k8Q>
!+ e ² &8+ '& µA > – A& – A W .
+ -" , b# &i%#H ½
iucW 5 2uK#3 AuL (
+ # nS#L A01 2*"+ 2.E1#W r }#+ 2pA eH (% e A"
ouH eK# kHK#X> YZ#+ , K"LW (+ R'+ ;AW :"H k.#" ¥ b " e6 " R'+ k.E1#W
. x%#= > ;#+1 4 " K# " & @+ \w> 2 %= AAQ 2 k& 5
iu , B;O;A xK
#Q> oOf 5v .+ x8 h8Q>
! c= 2K#3 B"L#+ '& <S ,
u uA= e % : )3 '& 2 'A A"Zp= T+ 2"
pW x ri A+ 2 c9 2Z+ 2
1
i#> } 2"
p k8Q>
!+ ªi= , F1H . 2L> o i> 2 kHK#X> i S#+ 2K#
.oH i 5 K"
#W 2!Q8!+ \;.!+ FKL
AuL= u + .+ r e + 5 '& , A#Q 2L> o i> 2 Z+ .1 " 2} " ic
96 : r1c+ ) " "K= B
." ½ " .i > f o i > o L> (/ ½ 5 K;" (!+ o ij
" ( 29 28 27 :
#+ ) " ½ \p > \p= B.#L B
A \w eW W"+ > & " . (
e e yi \w + " ( 29 : L> ) " ½ \p > \p= 8%Q bi 5 ' \w eK1 o'= s'&
… ( 7 : o.%+ ) " B " :"H ½ B# " . ( 99 : ) " A6
A+ s
= Fa1 iv ,
.
xu%#= > 2uK
m eAL X + % B;K"L= nK1 ( i#> (!+ :"H L> oi ) " 2i.+ " ic
2+ tuL hu uLj n= T+ .+ r e '& :"H ;p#Q Lj 5 (!+ o ij AQ
uA ku& iu#> , 23 Q :"H (! i#| 2+ tL L ( (¯K/ q e i#>
2!S e L> A." " . ( 29 : ;
+ ) " !
"1 \w e e6"1 \w eK1 B
i e -3 ( " . 2+ tLW
bu+ (u_ " . ( 3 2 : L> ) " i ! w (%L+ sA& . Yc sA"O1 b"#% p
e bG , b+ E o ¢ e " . ( 8 7 : o.%+ ) " eOA+ sA& #!w L+ AH
(u " . ( 17 : 1u` ) " F%uL ! ( E h + " . ( 20 : i p+ ) " ;A b=\ + ¢
o.%+ ) " F%L# ;"H F%L f ;Q > L! ½ "
> " . ( 21 : i S+ ) " &i L \R
. ( 54 : ) " "K= B#A > E > " . ( 286 :

37

<uS , 2L> o i> 2 B;1 : 2+aLK"+ M*c+ nl + 5 R# YLH
> cA+ 2 \
u
1 . Gu± x . K oi+ <S , 23 B;1 h+ <S , 9 B;1 . bL ½ Q 2K#
i#| :"H A+ oi.W xv p+ k& x%#= > T+ X + eAQ &L K 2f> oi.W & R+
(%#"+ b#" hH p+ y+ r%q B;A G 1 A+ . "! -+ & bX + '& :"H ½ . "!
u -u./ , u.1 i. ½ eAQ E#" i. . (!+ i#> eH B;#+6L :"H "! i#|
.
R'+ (%.#LW A+ i c#+ 2> 2K#3 () " : A".+ )3 '& R T+ 2Z"+ R+ '& ¾ c Atw +
'u& nu. u R'+ (%.#LW ..*+ ;#+1 w YZ+ sYZ= , "# " " B&@#A
hu#§ u 7 i. A+ .+ y"= B; # B;K"H :"H # y+'1 n.> 8
1 (%.#LW
eu Y` b+ 01 (% e 8
1 sA" & s¯Z nS#L n + 2 %= T+ A+ .+
R'& B;W 21W ic B; 81 e+ 5 AQ kK"+ )*%+ -U eH s !p# PZ+ R
!
. K"LW ;A e 2G oH
\uwv u xu%#W YGa#+ <S , : k& ¦ ;AW i S= eH )3 e &A1H T+ 2q+q+ 2"
pW ²a= ¥
… { i S#+ , kQQv (+ & & @+
" %#uQ (uO& AH "2+qW " Pi.= " (.= " k8Q>
!+ , e;#~ x K " 2} "
Y` . 2+qW , v L e'+ b+ eS!> & . k8Q> ;AW 5 2+qW LA= e
D> " 2}
u#> r 2%S+ oW BHE= T+ 2+ .W . 2W 1i , nU ;1 +q + ;AW b
k8Q>
!+ v y+ k8Q> ;AK"+ 2A 2+ . kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , " kQQv (+ " k& 2W
(H!+ & Lj
2W 2%S+ Lj x%#W YGa#+ <S , b :"H 2 %+ 'A .#L
s'u& :"H 2+>"+ " oVL+ " Y%= .+ (K#L . b"1 £ l 2W 2%S+
= .. " i¯ SW " ¯ZW nc+
½ u= " . sYZ= eH x6LW i.+ RW b n & L> :"H 2+>+ R Y%= & . 28+
y"W ) " > + iv B
+ (X R'+ & " . ( 65 : 3 ) " sa *%+ , R y"!+ iv , B
+ VQ
Kp+ B
+ VQ " . ( 32 : B& ) " i> B
+ VQ sa *%+ , RO#+ y"!+ B
+ VQ " . ( 15 :
uU uK3 buA "au#+ *%+ VQ R'+ & " . ( 33 : B& ) " i;A+ ("+ B
+ VQ %g K.+
: 2uG ) " iv , r KL+ , B
+ VQ " . ( 14 : (*A+ ) " L%"= " bA XV#L=
YuZ h . YZ > ½ " . A+ YZ= > YZ# e+ n + e tw , .+ nS. . … ( 13
uA& e . ( 117 : & ) " *"c ;"& B"@ .+ y";+ yi " . ( 11 : H+ ) " B;L!
¼ .= 7;#L= oi'm o' ow 2& o r , LÆ+ .+ b+ R'+ '!+ hK#&> y+
. " ;1 "V#Q " T+ iv :"H kHK#X> i S#+ 23 g.+ i+ " 3 "
+ Lj
: H ¢8G , bcV"= e
D k8Q> ;AW & y+
. 2K# . ;# 2S%A & @+ \wv ( : >
. b YZ= , L>
2K#3 s'& <S , : K;G
. bAH x6LW YZ#+ :"H i.+ & s L> : K;q+G

38

i S#+ 2 , (#+ eH A+
b A1H R'+ ¦ }"+ ;AW k8Q> ;AW O# 2q+q+ oH.+ s'& ,
, oYqu x u ¦ }"+
!+ , . k%S+ .+ s 5 ;%LA 2.E1# 2g` :"H >
= kHK#X>
> 2uHK#X 2}X (qD ¦ }"+ ;AW A1H .1 2gZ+ y"#+ YL!= e . ½ o i & k%S+ .+
. k8Q> ;AW :"H 2%` 2} . ( 6 o.1 ) 2%U 2}X v ;A !
i+ ' s s ! n + S= , L> i sa= b!p
QQ EK#W ;AW '& R& :"H b B;W
. 2up%+ ªi= , G 2HK#X> r i q+ -KH e o % K"LW e 2" FHS#Q bAH b#+6L
'1 != 2|i#+ ;1? , F 2i o \A 5 5v 2"& o e (.#A= ;"
P w FHS#Q
AuQ 5 2X B;! %= " 2K " M%a1 A+ kH , ;AW .#Q 2QiKW e 2" U x8 .
\ #&> q%+ \:S|> R'+ EKW L> nS+ y+ h8Q> (? , F T+ r i3 rK#Q bA
u uL+ B n Ri3 B;|i= A 2#p " 2K.+ " y"= F 7 bA . b+
'u& , G6 b& :"H E_ K1 \w
1 L> ;AW 2* :"H o3 2Qi¨ , .#+ . K"L
. b#1 ic , B;18# 2ipW \."+
u bu . YZ# n + YZ#+ bc= e > L> i/ 5 21l> b Z+ ªi#+ y+ e B"#
K"uLW e 2"" 2" FHS#Q : B@+ i+ y+ B"# . bAH x6L sYZ= :"H i b01 n +
. " K"uL= K"uQ " oU " iv , e%#LW o#H 5 i' 2".+ \ *c+ " e q%
Yu` . 2u+q i'A+ y"= %= F ;../ 2+6L (K® b#` 7 R'+ L> 2.G Q . (

u b 8
g %= F T+ 7@+ ( e B`+ b#` -./ :"H L> oi. F%q )%" > ªi#+
. 2+ A? T+ i'A"+ & %#LW nV1 .
{ "p1 W C15
{ kHK#X> B;.= 2" , – – K"LW (p1 W
. 2** Y` b#Z v > x 6L+ M*c
Tu+ rK#~ F pH L+ .+ 2 501 . 2|i#+ b1? e q % (p!+ eH )3
(%.1 . oW rK#~ e &Y` e !" q e
= (v :"H . nK# R e .= q h8Q> ;"
Riu3 EK#"+
m ;1 & , ;K@ , & , ;qH , 2%"c+ P3 F – 8
q – ªi#+ y+
bu##X K *# nK# d#X x/ 2 2X %= F . 1 W e#W R
L+ x . >
guQ u 2UQ F 2%"c+ P3 y"= i
AW e + . o }+ x ZW ;Aw &Y` 2X
Ful!1 2uiv u.+ rH 2 ³ b k!A> '& . i 5 P+ e oi3 x.#
u u;K§ > y+ n . 2+i 2X y"= 7 e§ . K"L Y` K"L + :"H «SQ
u+ r%#Q .1 . L8+ o H + F#X T+ rX W w e F e e q > b1
hu.#+ , yuw > . b1 yw > kK"H h.= o F 5v «ap , x . ( ++ %H e Å Ã
: b#Z
= :"H (p!+ eH x 6L+ dU Mc .1 A& "V#+ A& . Ri h.= kK"+
{ B«K# eH £1+ , K"LW (p1 W

39

u1 Bv ( K"L Bv "p! "p1 e'+ . K"LW (p! x . ;AW eH )3 '& ,
b+K
#uQ Bf = ;AW Q B; nl h8Q> v y+ . \1 + 2+6L h8Q> Bf = r+6L
. b+K#Q
;u#+1 w 21 ;1p# Bf = K# & @+ \w> 2 %= 2 B;K"H
. ; V#Q
2! 21 & \KL+ iv AH 7p# Bf = Bf VL \KL+ iv , ( B;K"H
. B« ij &YVL=
ru
B; r8
p 7p# Bf = :"H B; S= eH +6L i B B;K"H
. YZ#+ '& 2` sYZ=
" u& K " h8Q> x . . ( ,
( , 21 A+ U| e – & K – h8Q> v '& (
, duS u& .b# , dS & K > bK;1 x§ h8Q> B;! A+ kZ%A nS#L > Av
L> bX + '& :"H
+ h8Q> .
( , ( , 21 A+ 5 PS b :"H b#
!up#
K"# "a# ( ,
( , A"+ # + E+
W e YZ (p+
. 2|i#+ b1? B; + .%U kHK#X> i S#+ eH r+6L B;A \1 YZ "K
u 01 K"H ** b#* , G6 > 2.E1# r> . e ;AW -%L A" A '
&
euH :;uA 7W a . ;#X8+ # kHK#X> i S#+ +Q r` r."SA , h
e ;AW k"
2u nu ;#X> . s
A b1A1 A , b!p#
A"1
AW & 7W &
AW
B& i a i Ba b*v i'#1 s;#X , \kS| Ä b ra K1 ;# NA+ . h8Q>
, 2Hic# 2!"#$ oH & ' i
1 \ i , B« ;#X ` B& i , K"LW ;#X s e .
u
!+ , ( 2@ ) &' b b#* . 8Q %&' s + b% 5 LA ;#X ( . rv e Yq

W , 2"w > & ' k& . -1 = e ;1 (1 Bf i c e & 'W , 2+6L "K*# . k8Q>
u
W , u 5 e
5
e F!"#1 . kK#3 i S#+ e F"!= E+ , 2H >
, Ä ! KH b"% e . c 5 < + e (.# AH b%&' , YZ1 k1p+ h> (1 y+' . +
r ;u#X> yu"= B;1 e
D > A& e . K"LW o , %L e
k|i= 7? , ( B " 2!+6W ) .+
r\uO1 *u ;#X om ( &' ) 2@ 5 o H
= > 2A& + 2|i#+ ;1? eH o & 'W
& . B«K# n ;%"S# K kHK#X> i S#+ +Q r` r."SA eH K"LK B;#+6L 21
. Yq
+ bA P;1 \AH 5 #® ;#X
;AW :"H X e
k8Q>
!+ , ( r@A+ ) & 'W = ;#X> , 78#>1 v
u"# 01 . ;AW \ l :"H n + y+ 2 2"c & o :"H n ( , -.*# v . b= QL
5 u# )u%" h8uQ> W . ;AW o e B`+ – 2K"+ 2
!+ – 2"c3 F!"# n +
B"1 . 2!"#$ 2Qi¨ 2!"#$ & ' F kHK#X> i S#+ 2"c 01 &i S= ; , 2!"#$ rK#
Bv "p1 B \® e '& bAK# "p1 2H K"LW x . nS#L k8Q nK# A& e

. K"L

40

7p# , B;# @!#m ;1 T+ o#!+ x U KA 2HK#X> B« S= , K"LW M_
u.1 AH . tU + q ;#X> o%H B"+ h . kHK#X> i S#+ 2%S+
– , &.1 . B&Y` B;.%L1 2i3 B«YL T+ 2HL+ x h.#+ eH ! = B;#
& 'K"+ \:U9 ."+ nAScW £Æ+ 2H l W )¡+ M% 2189 %#Q> #L= h – AK#
2; 2+ 5 K"LW 2+ F+ /
W E+ , & e h
v F."U . .+ ÄA+ 2Q 29
:u"H 2up+ , & 'W rKO#1 . q%+ e
!W 2!Q8!+ \K"+ e > e+ xXi \!"9 ;K
®
(u , o3 r8
pW 2**c+ x "3 , = eH o F*%a1 2.Q 2|i= ( , ;#%L
ruK#~ h.= .gH %#Q ;#X> P (! '
& . i S#+ (%Q , .gH & h.1 . 2+=
. bO;A A & ( \kw , h8Q> e ;#X> P (! + 28Q>
2u;
+ u eu 2+ }"+ «i x 28Q> 2189 2+ FS 23 2|i#+ 2"W r\X K"1
uv 8
U «1 :.%#Q 2" ;# P p+ r.1 y+' . F

!= FE £S> \ %#Q 2LA
+
. kHK#X> i S#+ r8
p 2;X , k8Q> ;AW eH F" R
!+ kK"+ )*%+ 2 r.1 F
ou . buAH b#+ tL i+ ' s s ! n + S= , L> i sa= b!p
QQ EK#W ;AW
b i S# > b=i. (p#1 b# .! h b kHK#X> i S#+ 2 g & L> 2QiKW F%q=
. YZ= + H i S=
u& i*#+
.A# .1 h AG = eH AG = eH h A# .! A 7 '
&
)3 '& , b1p# AA . YZ (K p#
B"# (a# e 7 9 & sL
x . 2 %+
. [+ A YZ 7 ;#1 e > T+ kHK#X> i S#+ k&

41

C5C
L> xX
: b != k .+
!+ 2 C16
¥ u#
q 5 2%LA+ 01 ;AW i c , oi cm ;AH AG/ T+ r@A+ 5 2%LA+ 2"
pW F
O;A b+ 7 R'+ [+ k .+
!+ e (".+ . 8U ;AW 2%` 2"
p [+ k .+
!+ 5 LA
\u1 + eH bO;A i c n -L#W si c 29 b# A1H
1 . P+ + }"+ bU & *l
b# O# AA > ¦#+ b* 2 b#a1 kXi b . ( 6 o.1) [+ eU + , kHK#X> h.#"+ 2@A
¢u*# b!1 . 2*l b1 ;AW 2 . Yq & b+ LA .= :KLW
!+ & AA R'+ .
) … [+ eU + , > KH 2+ o + eH 2+ 2 .+ eH 2+ 2v eH Yq
+
> bu1 q*# 1H + . ¨ 7 nS#L > Av i 3 ; E 2= '+ oXAW °H W
kuK#A 2 X :"H 2** 2+>
k .+ \K#> i p+ . k .+ \K#> B&i p+ 2=

. b "Q b#` k .+ n + S= r."SA 21W ic M"c > bA
+ ¢*#W ;+
euH £u1 bv Ac> '& . x . K1 ;A h E#+> e 2 1 e k .+
!+ , k.#" .+
– :u > 2gH+ r8K3 e ;1 . S9 2O#+ x8 e h.#+ 2+m :"H 2QiKW , Bg P "Q
\A%+ , &AW -!"#+ &L K ;AW 2%` ;1 . hc R'+ . R
!+ ;#X> 2%= 5 – i. K1
ruK"
+ 2KVl r*!c+ oYq r# #
[+ eU + s> '&
! <` . + R
!+
ku!1 . ku! Y` > 8Z#Q #
+ , r*!c+ n#= ;1 "Z#Q 2 #w> o + 2 .+ eH r }A+ 2+H
2 #w> eH AG® x= (c1 , . ¦ }"+
!+ o'=Q e Gi q o + 2 .+ eH =
+ AG® (c1
"uL= u kLiW ¢ #+ e oi#LW r Y%#+ * b1 B*.= Yq 2+ }"+ A %` q
q K;A ( ¢/ !"#$ %= h Aa
1 O1 HS. -SAW nS.A "c!+ K1 . 2"v ;#+>
'& . #K"
+ oH nK R'+ A+ , > 2 #w> 2 .+ 28H _ x§ q%H . (c1 ,
& . .= :KLW k .+
!+ e dS & q , ogL+ 2KL+ & ;AW 2%` 8+ -!"#+ , P "Q>
:"H 2c#> 2KA#+ oil B
+ Km B ¦ }"+ ; ;! 2 .+ K"= e'+ ;1 X 2|i= 2" 1
eu bAH AG/ T+ 2+ 2 .+ 23 , gL+ i#+ "qD B& . 2 #w> oH e #w

. ( 6 o.1 ) (%
i &_ ( 2 #w> 2+ }"+ 2 .+ nK r>m :"H oi c. Y` k .+
!+ , ;AW 2 Y`
u + K %.= [+ k .+ Pv ( , [+ k .+ Pv , # dS x , l q
2QQ 2+ A+
= " O1 " o 2H 2 A Aa x .+ & y+ . \kw , 2& %+ e + & &
au 2+ }"+ bA :!> R'+ x .+ 2tU rX 2 . P X 81 '& " " W . o
(uq . 2u .+ YZ oi} « k& F 2** rX 2 . B¡+ " k%S+ " s> 2` k& o +
. ou + P X + 2O &'V#1 8
%Q ;+ o + 'V# ¢*# ( T+ " 2!AW " oi}W rX> y"=
2H 2+ ,
L+ 21q , 2U!W oE+ 2 :"H "Z#+ , – 8
q – 21 v 2+ o + h .= O1

42

R u Y% µX H nS#LA+ . }
+ x+ cH , n!A= T+ & k& } 2+ A+
#+ .
28+ 2p%+ 2W r
> 1 o + bv . 2 ;c+ 2+}> l AH , A!A R'+ s &
. ... 2 \i 2 #w> \A%+
. 2** rX R'& A"
2uHK#X> o&@+ y"= , kK"+ )*%+ -U eH &A1H A ... { 2** A1H k& 2+aLW
(? , > 2¡+ -.*# > k.#+ (%.#LW ;A A11 K# &i S= 2 %= T+ .+ 2 :KL= T+
2ugE ;#!A ;1 K"= > T+ r> r>3 , 2` " 2+ o + " hE#" A01 2 .+ ;#+
hu.#+ e & y+ a A K"H A. A ;. " ;. r*= ;../ :# + 2"W
" 2!AW " 5 2Q K"W 2+3 :"H Q 2** rX A1H A . ( S+ W , + nKO"+ SW
u K A"H 2O
+ > W Sl sA"% + . 2*"+ ² l 2!AW v S aS y+'1 «
A"%.+ . n1 + YZ+ A+ K" A"H A + r i} A"%.+ . A+ 2O

. uA (u u.#+ %= n!A > n1 & x F e o :"H 2+ ( , <#! "#¶
Au#1 uA%OHv . 2u1 21+ o + (X e xA+ U$ :"H 21+ G6 e'+ %"L+ A#>
u > e'+ e=W K"L#LW ;#> 2K
i.+ . B;!A 2gEO#+ , ..® e'+ K">
/ eH
AL! n A 2 A"H
+ . 21 = o + e'+ o + , !
. ... tw b% n!A > ;1 hH r W v o + (%Q , ;p#Q> :"H A+
eu u;1 uK 2!AW F + . 2+ o + i}= > 2!AW 01 2!AW i}= 2+ o + F b ¥
:"H "Z# T+ 3 , o + (%. A"H %X
+ > A#1 l k& 2Q K"W A#X
> R Y% µX \A%+ h8+ i.+ . > } 2+ h.+ k!
= T+ 3 5 . q >
L+ 2
, u= x+ e 2H K ( [+ eU + ( 2gEX r 2+ o + R L . E
2i Q < + o i% . 2"p+ 2+ o + e f ! q « f ! «
u
= . 2u+ o + 2+ , L+ 2i Q < + o i% K G L+ =
AQ o + rL b" '& e S . ... 2+ o + eH > %. 8
2.1> o +
o + eH = o P8U ;"X e A T+ 2!AW F. 01 . oS 2#G " div " e a#A+ i
. xc!> (%.
}u#V+ h> o + eH #
K1 ;A 2"q dU [+ p"+ 2 n1A 2+ o + , A@> 01
e o + eH ¢*# =
+ ! > b A+ r8
p o + (/ e
D 2Q K"W B«X , A+
uAi 'u& ( A@> )3 ;1 i T+ 2"W 2gE 7@+ QA 2"qv y"= e i#|
;1A o "+ Rg.+ i}W Z ;AW 2%Z bv y+ . .= :KLW k .+
!+ , ;AW 2%` oi S
0u1 & n1AW e bLK" b1 :"H 2." o + :.%#1 bLK" > b1 > ;A bLK" b1
#§ 5 i ... o + FS.Q 2!AW F.1 A#X F%w 2** Y` 2!AW A#1 F ¢
uA" Yqu \kS¶ > e§ . (c1 5 (c1 e sY` Q%+ b x%#L Q%+ o + a . o ;+
s %= &i. K o + n!AW % Q
eH Yq E > o + eH 2+ r#
+ e }v
euH .. { ou + n1A k& : k*SL+ x 6L+ :"H 2X> b1 AZ#L B > + . .#+ X ;X '&

43

" o 2H 2 A : x .+ 5 ;#A ¥ .. { n1AW s'& ( o "+
= W : -KHv x 6L+ :"H 2X>
. o 2QQ 2+ A+
= " O1
(u! " ul! " + K % Yq 2! r i}W 2O#Q " #!W " P X + 01 v
u1 R+ + R+ , s j (%. > v « o + i bAH A+ c1 2+8Z#Q n1
, – ;uAH Fu!" 2
1 oE! :"H R SA – yw> – & . o + #L= + x8Z#Q> .#+ (%. > K
c#W " AS!+ " :"H % e
. o + 2v . (%.#LW klW 2"1 oZG – rQ i+ "`
AH . k.#+ k .+
!+ 5 2 LAW rQ i+ e Yq
+ R
!+ \A%+ , k" + ("9 p
+ ;A '!A
up
u e :"H %
e+ 2+3 n1AW 2E 2;X A+ 5 h.# bO;A R
!+ \A%+ .#!
2u!A q % 8
n1AW eH h. ¥ . f 2.W 2
!+ r i}W 2SW n1AW k.SAW hE"+ hH
uXO# u;E+ 2u+ o + X , y
p#"+ ;³ !A+ -/ i l e n1AW c
. ;A ;AH 1 W o + oH h8 F K1 2O3
– EuO= e+ 2+ o "+ 2W .+ k.#+ k .+
!+ , ;AW 2 b"q³ S + '& Y`
i uc.+ . h
> 2` Z+ + k.#+ k .+
!"+ o O <8# eH – x R :"H
b%%uL uK1 (qK# k..3 S9 . s;#X 2+6L ;# ( (K*# %` + 2
!+ r ;#X> , aS9
ku.#+ k .+
!+ , ;AW 2%` R6= ) . « 2 .+ 23 ( P Sl e k .+
!+ , i c.+
uA+ "` A+ A1 . b& :"H *#= b= iw n1= sA%#= T+ 2+ .+ = eH sEOH 5
F rK"
+ == " 2 #w> o + 23 " B;#` :"H .!# %.= A+ ( (.
B;A K1 B&Y` n i/ 01 . [+ eU + , 2U D+ 2 #w> o + 2+ 2 =
.!# > . ;+ -S+ :"H > 23 h ;! :"H .!# 81 . 2!"#$ r>> r F*% o + rK"
+
, ;gA 2! :"H > 2 #w8+ K :"H .!# > . Ri #Q+ ;gA :"H > o + 5 -S+ :"H
u oi S9 S9 2Z+ 2"
pW y"#+ B;1 :"H <!=> – 2AH – A > . [+ eU +
:u"H > 2 #w> o + 23 28+ :"H .!# > v , S '& ¥ . 2U D+ 2"
p
uK " 2 #w> o + 23 " s , *# B& '& ( . k.%S#+ #LW :"H > R
!+ #LW
h uc+ B& %A :"H o 2"lA o , .#" eH EXH B 01 . B;A -1 ( ;K;!
u.#" x / b= iw – – 1 R'+ k.#+ k .+
!+ , ;AW 2%` v B;A K1 £ c+
2u9 " b#@ " 5 -1 ( B
#® > :.% 81 !"#| 81 ;+ K
#® o 2.= 2 " 2@ " :"H
. 7 !c+ 2E¨ r ip+ o rZ+ o 1 [+ eU + , .#+ .+ A1 . b1i B®
bu k.#+ k .+
!+ , ;AW 2"
p ( :"H 2! # .#+ .+ 2
!+ o + '
&
u;1 k.#" 23 " 2@ " iU k .+ X + b ( R'+ (a#+ e E 5 2X , x E – '& , –
23 Sl ªi= 2"cm & R'+ k .+ X +
21 5 2X , A R . 8c#1 (%.#LW
u.+ A1H > '& 7 > e§ . E#+ N"L+ k .+ \K#>
. (%.#LW nAc=
u
!+ 5 uLA= T+ r ;#X> q , o.#! 21 k& . (%.#LW 5 klW e rK#~ 2 %= T+
.k.#+ k .+

44

eU u+ , duS
1 R e b#* , != q k.#+ k .+
!+ 01 '& e B`+ '& n
5 bu + *# F+ ¦#+ .#+ .+ 2g.+ o + F+ b1 ;AW 2%` . [+
R eu sY` b
"D .#! > '& , bA
+ . 7# ;1 2%"Q y"= . 2.= 2 2K@A o o
;1 ( 6 o.1 ) 2 #w> i} > o + i} ;A :"H Bg ¦ }"+
!+ . [+ eU + , 2.#+ BHE
1
¾ uc '
& . kK" ;1 ( 11 o.1 ) o + i} > 2 #w> i} ;A :"H Bg kLiW
!+ . kXi
, 2QiKW 2Q , aS9 2O#+ 2"c3 %= e " 2 #w> o + " eH B&i
1 .+ Y` .+
**u \u.#+ ku.#" ' & k #w> xA"+ \H iU b E#+ , k .+
!+ < !# ¥ . #L '&
e B`+ 2 .+ 23 -./ > i
1> s > bX :"H n + '& rS b+ O#L= [+ n +
u
!+ ul 2Aucm %= T+ Y&K H \K# :@/ 2 b../ nS#L= > r ic# ;Kg E&
2u.= 2 o 5 b x *#= :"H i Y` k.#+ k .+ &
1 e b 7#= b1= ¨ B`+ k 8+
. o
uL> Ru
!+ ¢ #+ :"H [+ eU + , k.#+ k .+
!+ d#! & – K1 – != '& e q
> uO#® > [+ eU + , LiW x E . ;g bA M*c= 2%g + b#+m K e si/
b+ > O#® > B&Y` x E . 2AQ 2g 'A 2%S+ B"H , E"_ b+ > £K#X> B"H , i b+
2u1W au . E"_ i 'A 2%S+ B"H £K#X> B"H , ¢® tw a . opH 'A \;.!+
. kulW 2]i F/ (%.#LW n= 2".G y"= . \;.!+ ;#X = 'A o S h.#= 2L>
eu . 8
X 8
X o S o S 2L> o3 2 [+ eU + , k.#+ k .+
!+ KA '&
i & ( MAD ¸W + }"+ (X e b='=Q k #w (X bKA b"K® . %H kK"+ h.#+ nA
;A x ® s+.= , > bA , > oi'+ cH 5 kK#A= 2w x .H 28 oÃ bK*#.= . \SH e b"H
. b#% k& R'+ (%.#LW M8 2A+ b#8S , = ( R
!+ £ > 2+6LW Rc#+
. Y% (1 '&
. s%#> -*#L= 2? *" R'& ¥
u ;gA i
1 ¾ c= 2+ 2v ;1 . ;#* , 2 !# 2 % k.#+ k .+
!+ ;1
ru.W (c R'+ ;AW 2%Z hc yw > K si S= k .+
!"+ n#W i + B;A Yq Ri
u . ;uA 2.SAW 2"c+ £S. e B`+ g#A+ "` 2* r.W "` 2* %O > g#A+
, 2*c+ nX .# A= AQi i.%1 . y+' b -3 . x. <S i n. x .+ , 2*c+ ic
L> a l#! # K"L= ;g i k! r ;#X> ( 5 [+ eU + , dSW k.#+ k .+
!+
. " uL> -"SAW " b KL1 e;#~ Mc! . i S#+ , kQQ> (+ & bv b"%.#L nAc R'+ &
k u.+ u
!+ iuc ;H KO
= T+ rQ i+ (
+ EKW #pW cA+ & – .# K1 – '&
u , B«u!= eH @A+ 7c Qi + ( 2#p o " o@ " e 2."SA rQ i . k.#+
. i S#+ , kQQ> (+ si%#H L> 5 " o@A+ " k& y"= ;.%S= , -1 #+ ;"a= :"H oi.+
uf % 5 (up!+ ou F;# rK 2..3 s'& i
0 r T+ r@A+ ( A@> 01
" uO# K1 A#+ 5 (c 18# %=
+ 78# e B`+ k.#+ k .+
!+ Aiv
. si S= 2 n + 5 " 2L> o@A+

45

ou x8u Ri3 ;G = F%L# A
= F"K# F r 2 5 K#A B > b+ YL!= 7 AL+
' s s ! n + S= , L> i sa= b!p
QQ EK# " 2 %+ 'A ;O;A 2" U 2|i=
%u= 2uK M%a1 A+ kH , ;AW .#Q 2QiKW e 2" U x8 ( b ) ... bAH b#+6L i+
;uA
= (u x8u 2+ 2> ;#%L 2i 2K. " 2L> " Ai , ( 12 o.1 ) "... B;!
b B"L " #1 " e 8S B; r8
p 1 .#+ .+ b%#
K1 « eH }= T+ k& k .+
k u.+ u
!+ &." T+ 2O#Q> y"= L!= T+ k& k& . i S#+ 2 , kQQ> (+ & L> &
¢ #+ ;` T+ oS!+ 2O#Q . 2+ 2v e Rp%+ cA+ (
p= T+ 2+ Y&K H + k.#+
> kK"+ )*%+ -%L ;A KH B&c= T+ k& k& . si
1 r ' k.#" R'+ 2O#Q B;#v Ri3
u;gA iu
1 Ri3 ;G # 2+ 2v ¾ c= '
& . si b+ c= kK"+ )*%+ b"H #
buS uK1 RW ;AW " 2L> o@A+ " B E= W 7= bA . b= , &i 5 B;A eS! > e
B« , £ c+ \j 2+m . 2LiW " = " 2+m 5 F" 2] E P+ e LiW
. #
+ , s K"= ¢ = e B;1 (qK#
2K
A '& aw e + . ;AW 2"
p b#" x8 e s K > k.#+ k .+
!+ aw '&
(u 6 . o F 2*l 2O;A Q :"H F T+ k.#+ k .+
!+ , 2"S+ rQ i+
:"H Bg 2 #w> o + 5 k;#A k .+ X + e % R'+ k.#+ k .+
!+ ( b#8 '&
k!A & " oW " + . kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , kQQ> (+ & L> k& o " 2L o@ "
u
!"+ oEKW o@A+ s'& : " 2L " o@ . " 2+q " o@ k!A & "
!+ " + . 2 o@
2**c+ x "3 e b.= T+ k& [+ n + , b+ A+ 2O#Q> ;KW k& [+ eU + , k.#+ k .+
nS#uL b ;1 o 2Y& o 5 A+ b" / eH i c e b1 nX . [+ p+ r8
pW
. n + YZ#+ M*c+ ;AW n + 5 2**c+ 2L> o@A+ e p#

L> ;AW – 17
> kHuK#X> nu + YZ=
> ¦ w L> i/ oH &A & :"H 2QiKW 2"c e A1H
(u+ iu@# . ( 2+ }"+ 2QiKW e sA1H ) 2!+ 23 2Qi¨ 2O# g."= ¢® > kHK#X> i S#+
u c# kHK#X> h.#+ i A+ :"H ( & S= 5 R6> 2|i#+ ;# <Q , L>
( 2uLiW 2QiKW e sA1H ) i S#= 5 &i S 2g."#+ «YL S.+ B«K# 23
uAH B;.uU , .= T+ 2W r%.+ ( B` 2!"V# F + B«K# S= :"H i A+
. ( h8uQ> (? , 2QiKW e sA1H ) "V#= rK#~ = kHK#X> i S#+ 23 g.+ i+ '& .!
O#L= kHK#X> n + M* \.#+ & kHK#X> i S#+ , kQQ> (+ si%#H L> e <8S>
;uA 5 x *# 2+ Y&K 23 o + -./ eH :.% b > sY& H b=S b+
. ( 2 .+ 2QiKW e sA1H ) L

46

Fu R 2**u Yu` 2** F W i
1> r@A+ &AW ( x . e
D '
&
x%#W YGa#+ <S , " : 2H l W 2..3 s'& eH r# F# i. <c= 2QiKW , « =
. " 7@+ ( , Kg kHK#X> i S#+ 2 , kQQ> (+ & L>
& @+ \w>
( eH )*%+ e 2if 2
!+ y+LW AS
. ;AW 2"
p A""
> s ' A Y`
Fu b x . nS#LA+ . E= k& K 2"
pW 2;X 5 A" . bL! L> , ;AW 2"
pW
;u" 0u1 " 2uL> o i> 2 kHK#X> i S#+ 2K# A= e % " : k& ;AW 2"
p
(u*1 ul u . 2K# .+ nl Y` b# , l bL! L> :"H #
2u F . b= F + , f l
;A 7A+ .+ y"= p#
& 2"
pW
(u u
= . 2"
p X = > ¦#+ kHK#X> n + YZ#+ ;A X 81 2K# .+ 2l Y` L>
:"H 2K"H Y` 2qH 2+m aS9 2O#+ -U Y` eH (% e 2A 2` § kHK#X> n + S#+ 2+m
kgu."#+ (%.#uLW n = :"H oi.W x ® 23 h 23 . 21W h v . (v
. ( 2 o.1 ) R'+ (%.#LW nA :"H oi.W ¦#+ x *1
2uKg H > ;" 2+m ;AW 2"
p ( (X e kK"+ )*%"+ " £ l K " L> e <8S>
"–8
q – x .A1 . L> ;A (c (% e &# 2
1 r> . \ l :"H « ! i#¶ b=
"
eu – \ u# – bu e6 !L= 8
L> (c+ 7 V" x K " e
#+ Tg i e b+
k!UuH #A kHK#X (H k eg b x . kHK#X> i S#"+ xv ± k& #> r
2** 7a 2Kg ;+ 7= e
D 2**
= T+ 7> y"= 5 ...
-U b – 8
q – x .A1 g# e \p b=
" e 2
" ( :"H =A+ . -U : b L8+ E³ ; e (+
g# e s# ( nK_ ¥ . k – – L>1 ... 2È+ E¨
#1 sY` bA nK 2Z+ b"1
" ;A 2"c 01 L> r
" 2"c# 2
!+ A=> . F : 2;A+ , x .A+ &# r
" :"H &A%=i
B"+ H l
M"c b '& ( v . x#1 '& ( . kHK#X> i S#+ -SA 21 , " L
'ua b . \kw rK#~ & @+ \w> 2 &A 2Q i B"H e
+ ( X + q> ) L> 2Q i
)*% & L> e bK; . ;# %= T+ .+ eH )*%"+ nl bL! L> & @+ \w>
bu#Z+ u 5 #g u+ b x e b=
" L> (K#L " " 7p# & 2HK#X> b# eH
)u*%+ 2u` y+ . o#W b=
"W > K#Q ;"! L> nS#L i e B 7p# + 2"K
kHK#X> i S#+ 23 g.+ si L> iD : x 6L+ eH ;AW 2"
p (3 L> , kK"+
.
2 2@8 % kK"+ )*%+ v y+ y+ (;Q e
¨ ) x 6L+ '& :"H 2X> 21W kK"+ )*%+
R'u+ £ uA+ 2 b# B
® H oH.+ F*% o oH :"H b# U F%G 01 " !+ "
2uX YZ i. e (
+ i L )*%+
kK"+ )*%+ £ l & L>
AH . b+ kK#A
2uH o&? R , A ( , L> &;1 ¦q (a= k.E1# AQ ( 5 2X R eH ) 5
iu%#> Kg 2" ;# %= e
7p#> 2K"+ 2@8K"+ Kg 2" oi
# om
%u= Tu+ .+ A!p# 01 . sA!p# 2* 21W r \p o ;1 .+ y"=
" !W " & L> v y+ . kHK#X> i S#+ 2 l 7 '& A"H (;L K# L> 2

47

b 4 K# b# % b+ A!p# 01 . ( ,
( , 2HK#X> & @+ ( , #pW
' ( bK# ) b1? 5 R . b Ga# b1 G6 5 #pW !W '& b+ .%U > i S# > b+ .%U i S#
u;|i= o&u@+ Y` . 2|i= o&? F*% E+ & ;+ l 01 « 2HK#X> o&@+ 5 nX
b#+1 , G 21 -U eH . sA!p# R'+ .+ \ l :"H > 2 ;! Y`
= (%.#LW 5 ;#
oGau#W oG6uW ( + , B
*#+ -U eH sYZ= 2! n + B;1 e
D , n , Ga=
. L> 2 .
" ouW \'+ e o " a o!# 2H o&@ L> , 2 2Q i k#. – – ;AW 2"
p (
2%S+ sY` & b #® R'+ (p+ X + 2%S+ A+ e sYZ b#8H %= T+ b# 7p#>
2 #uw> Q " P# , 2l!#Q dSW bX + :"H 21l> s' " L> xX " 2@ F"!
= .
(u
+ 2**uc+ gu#A+ uL! R'+ ;AW & "L> xX" }# A& e . ( & 59 ) " 2+
u& " uL> xX " i S#+ , kQQ> (+ & L> a B"L#+ e -"SA= T+ W rQ i+
23 g.+ si L> iD . i S#+ , kQQ> (+ & L>
" " F*l T+ 2@A+
. kHK#X> i S#+
{ L> xX & – 18
e H , b#* i%# ;AK " L> xX " dS+ cc$ b" " 2+ 2 #w> Q " P# .+
. … <8uv B@A#+ o + 2 .+ 2v 2 #w> ªi#+ 2 2U D+ 23 : .+
nu < K; 7A+ .+ y"= B;1 , " 2+ 2W " 5 ¥ b+ h
#> si%# (gQ e
u 7uA+ " L> xX " ;A h. . A& dS & A& nS#L AL+ . 2QiKW 2"c
R'u+ buX + :"H b. k" K1 . [+ n + YZ= " 2@ " 2` , 7 bV#L bV#L
. K1 b+ £ X+ (;L
YuZ= -u"SA / " 2@ " & > n + \ i K1 2!L"1 2+ . & 81 . n + YZ#+ ;A " L> xX "
nS#L ;E#"A1 ;1 . kH l W n + , o X W .+ H .+ e 2H K & . b "Q b#` n +
+ e
+ . 2O#+ b#** ¦ ;AW & ( < %L Y` H " L> xX " + . n + ¯Z
eK# " L> xX " ;A 01 '& :"H . b** K1 bAH "#| bv b.%Q W i
=
%L 8

(1)

sAH e 21l

(2)

x M*c=

(3)

;AW 2"
p (/

(4)

. ¦ ;AK"+ oX 2Z 5 k;#A=

(5)

: (v C >

48

\w> ( : i S#+ , oYq &A ;"H F T+ oH.+ r :"H " L> xX " h . C1
" L> xX " &' . ;#1 e
³ 21 2K# . (%.#LW 5 klW e ;# 2S%A & @+
23 (p+ %> '& e b# F"!= > bL! L> 5 ;%+ 18 &AW y"= n
. & @+ \w> (
: B"# bA
u
j + Uw 2K# . (%.#LW 5 klW e ;# , & @+ \w> % " h b
> 2%"uL+ a+ r i} .L= ' . e
¨ & b# e
= K; A YZ= 01 ( 2 o.1 ) " n + YZ=
R'+ n + 21 : 5v o S9 5 " L> xX " w . " e
KW " '& -.§ 7 > :.%
uw bu# %= T+ .+ 7p#> b1 kK"+ )*%+ -U eH 2** 21 & K s¯Z
" uL> xX " A"H ! ' . R'+ e
KW -.§ 7A+ p+ y"= , B
*#+ 2! ;#+1
u B"#u i )*% ¥ -.*#"+ 2" Y` o 2
1 r i c#+ A# n T+ 2+qW e i*#
YuZ= 7;#uL= 2 2 b.*#L= R'+ (p!+ 2 %+ 'A " L> xX " i'A . s¯Z A 7
. s¯Z= = R'+ n + 2 %= T+ .+ 2K# n -!#= > v -.*#"+ 2" Y` h8 -.*#+ n +
2"w1 2+qW 2+q y"= . sYZ= = " B"+ " 5 .#!= ;A
+ e
¨ & n + YZ= e 7;#L= 2 2
.
\uwv (u e ( 9 o.1 ) 2+ eH )3 AH sA1H b.%Q KH 'a " L> xX " eK# C2
& @+
, ; G6

(1)

#= > T+ ;# x8

(2)

. oK#L r YZ= ;.*"#1

(3)

uL> ;1 & @+ \w> ( 2 %= 2G8q+ 2"
+ .+ y"= , 2.L+ &AW n -!#
. bL!
: B"# bA
2uG8q+ .+ s'f L>
!+ ;. ; T+ o dp+ e !#L H #L n# i
> ( . sY` eH > E s & K b1 k!
> s¯ZA+ A 7p# x§ AH A – > – 7A1
sYZ#+ SV#+ rL , ( sYZ= x§ AH ¥ . bXi e b1 G6 b Ga# b p#
A+
u. uA1 sYu` A x%#W YGa#+ y+ « YZ#+ (gQ , YZ#+ 'f 28+ .+ .= ,
> eu§ . uA , G6u= x1 i e A Y` , G6= x1 e – K# – YZ#+ 2 s+ = W #L
uAv yu+ . ** + , b1 A!# ** .= x%#W YGa#+ '& i. nS#L
5 s%#> . #G + K A YZ= S B. 81 2Kg 2 , sY` A – G – 7
23 i A Yq :"H c1 n + n *# AL! Av . <w i= 5 A #® 23 2K#
2Kg 2 , b e§ bA
+ . b# , b%c Av A+ 2%LA+ A l b . l n + i c#1 «
eu 7A+ ;S T+ 2"tQ> 2Kg 5 #H 2 c+ s'& :"H "Z# A . (%.#LW 5 klW e
… { e : x 6L+ ¥ . E+ , sYZ= 2S n + *A1 … { : x 6L+ s¯Z n + & ;#X

49

b+ s bK¯. tw B;! > :"H AL! Pi .
W , sYZ= 2S n + *A1
-uKH u oiY 2+ , bK;!A1 . e3 e'& oK#LW b# x8 E+
W e b , >
b# , n "+ M*c+ B;!+ 2
" L#
** K;1 bK;! 'gAH . si c# (%.#L :c 5 s'
uA x%#W YGa#+ – q+G – A1H kK#3 23 e !#L A"H (;LQ . #= > T+
;i 81 2! 2!!U r ¯Z#+ y"=
= . oK#L r YZ# K;A ( c oK#LW 23 x8 sY`
– YZ#u bl , – K# – ¯Z= n + 5 b%#A B;W . B; > ;iA1 2tX! 2!AH
=
Bu. 8u1 . kK#3 x%#W YGa#+ B
(%.#LW 5 klW e oK#LW b# x8 b"%.#L , – K#
u. u . b1 K M% ¯Z= ( b|i= ) klW , b# e 7 > n + YZ= S
r YZ#u+ s'& i AH . R'+ (%.#LW 5 s S#+ S¶ e§ b"%.#L , K# b.*"#Q T+ r YZ#"+
+ ªi#+ B"# x%#W YGa= ( YZ#+ 23 ) .+ 2+1 oK#LW 23 x8 B#=
FL+
W 2"p+ ASS A"%.#L %A+ ;K"# 2K # o} ( A+ 1 klA+ ;1 ¢ v e i
, ou#KW ASS
eH dOA ;#;X e
³ > 2AH rSW 2;X ( A+ n W /
K"H H i# ( 2%#W xX> :"H ;O"+ = ( :"H ; BL.= FL+ E+
xuX " i'uA 'u
& . b , b;X = R'+ n + ¯Z#+ %= oZ#W 2"W +Q> .+ 7 &8+
B#u/ T+ sY` A + 2"p+ 2S + 2"&X n + YZ= 7;#L= 2 2 b.*#L= R'+ (p!+ " L>
sYuc euH n + ªi= (!#1 #= > T+ n + 2 2"&O# b Ga# sY` , G6 A

. 2%QA = B"1 ¯Z#W n + &O#1 2"W 2%QA F T+ +Q> .+ 7 &v r AH oKO#
2uH A+ buA .+ \kw ( 2 n ( YZ#+ 23 x%#W YGa#+ ) 2G8q+ 2"
+ .+ s'& <S , C3
. 29
: B"# bA
G6u
B#/ sY` bA nK T+ 2"p+ 28+ iU , bK;1 n + 5 @A+ A E#+1 A#1
uA YuZ 7A+ 21 Y` e
+ 2> 5 o S . 5 o S > FL+ YZ# *# Ga#
2u!"#$ r i eu u X & SL X + K bAH ¢*# R'+ n + ';1 . sYZ= , MOA
buA . L> 3 r%A+ K bAK1 o# £ 5 BL.= Ägc9 oEK# AH , nKO#= #+
ucAH oi (
+ . rgE e b+ c> kK#A AX ( £ ( cAH ( 5 . oW bA 2S+
h u"+ yu"= u – A& – ! > b# b#& 7p# , ÄcV# " B"H " … £
n + r ! 21 R ÄcV#W !+ sA " B"+ " – L> xX e – B" ! . 2ccV#W
YuZ=
> R& X w 2+%#W «8H ;# ;cgc 7p# p%+ 5 r i'+ x e
(u . oK#L r YZ= ;%c#1 #= > T+ ;# x8 , ; G6 21 bAH Z= > n +
. u&A1H T+ 2G8q+ 2"
+ .+ o!#Q> e AA
³ T+ k& 29 ;A £ > 2K"+ 21W s'&
7uA1 . b1 k"
+ .+ 2+1 " w " A+ ® R'+ & o :"H \kw ( 2 % R'+ kH A+ .+
s'u . YZ#u+ y+ K YZ# ;& b# B#= sY` bA x%#W YGa#+ ¢® bA
2u+1 hV#uL nS#L R . b K YZ#+ , ;& 23 , s Gv , B
*# nS#L 21W
u uAK"H u
i. 2!"#$ £ e W + n + , & T+ r YZ#+ ¢ , 2"
+ .+

50

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