الإفراغ للاحتياج في عقد الكراء .pdf
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Aperçu du document
ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﻻﻱ ﺇﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ
ﻣﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ
ﺑﺤﺚ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ:
67.12
ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ:
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﻴﻦ:
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻃﺎﻳﻞ
ﺭ.ﻭ.ﻁ1412936103 :
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻨﻤﻮﻣﻦ
ﻣﻌﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ
ﺭ.ﻭ.ﻁ1412936035 :
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ2017-2016 :
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﺛﻤﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﱠﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ:
"ﻭﺍﺧﻔﺾ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﺔ"
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺘﺌﺖ ﺗﻀﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ
ﺃﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﺃﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻟﻲ ﻗﺪﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻟﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ .ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺻﻠﻰ
ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ":ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﷲ".
ﻧﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺄﺭﻗﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻨﻤﻮﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻗﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﻗﺘﻪ
ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺸﻐﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﻣﺬ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ،
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺠﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻃﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ
ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺇﺗﻘﺎﻧﺎ .
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﺝ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ،ﻭﻧﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ
ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ
ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﻬﻰ ﺣﻠﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻴﻌﺬﺭﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺬﻛﺮﻩ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ.
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ
ﺹ :ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ.
ﻉ :ﻋﺪﺩ.
ﻇـ :ﻇﻬﻴﺮ.
ﺝ :ﺟﺰﺀ.
ﻡ.ﺱ :ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ.
ﺩ.ﺕ:ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ.
ﺩ.ﻁ :ﺩﻭﻥ ﻃﺒﻌﺔ.
ﺝ.ﺭ :ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ
ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ :ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ.
ﻕ.ﻡ.ﺃ :ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ
ﻕ.ﻝ.ﻉ :ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ.
ﻕ.ﻡ.ﻡ :ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ.
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ:
ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﺎ
ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﻪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ 1948ﰲ
ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ،125ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ،211ﳑﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻛﺤﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 31ﻣﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ 32011ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ.
ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ،ﰲ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺄﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺧﺎﺹ ﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺎ ﺗﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ
ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻃﻤﻌﺎ ﰲ
ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﳍﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻉ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﲔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻇﻬﲑ 5ﻣﺎﻱ 1928ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﳊﻈﻲ ﻭﻣﺆﻗﺖ" ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ
ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﲟﺸﺎﻛﻞ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻧﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﻙ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﳏﻼﻢ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻨﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ،
-1ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 25ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ " :1948ﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ
ﻟﻪ ﻭﻷﺳﺮﺗﻪ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ" ... ،
-2ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 11ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ" :ﺗﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﲝﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻷﺳﺮﺗﻪ ،ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻲ ﲝﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ" ... ،
-3ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 31ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ،ﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ
ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻖ؛ ." ...
6
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 1941ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﻼﻙ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻀﲔ ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍﻢ ،ﰒ ﻇﻬﲑ 23ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1941ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﻟﻈﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 11980ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ
ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﻏﻞ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ
ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﺪﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺭﻏﻢ ﺧﻀﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﲔ 63.99ﻭ 64.99ﺇﺫ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ
ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ .ﳑﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 267.12ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻮﺽ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 6.79ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺗﻰ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻊ ﺷﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺎﳉﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ،ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻇﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻖ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻛﺤﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ
ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ 3.ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻹﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻹﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻨﺖ
-1ﻇﻬﲑ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.80.315ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 17ﺻﻔﺮ 25) 1401ﺩﺟﻨﱪ (1980ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 6.79ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 3560ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 14ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ 21) 1401ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ
،(1981ﺹ .68 :ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 63.99ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.99.210ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 13ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ 1420
) 25ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ،(1999ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 4732ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 26ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ 7) 1420ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ،(1999ﺹ.2448 :
-2ﻇﻬﲑ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.13.111ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 15ﳏﺮﻡ 19) 1435ﻧﻮﻧﱪ (2013ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ،6208ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 24ﳏﺮﻡ 28)1435ﻧﻮﻧﱪ ،(2013ﺹ.7328 :
-3ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 31ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.
-ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 35ﻣﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ .2011
7
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻓﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ
ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻓﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ
ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﲟﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ 1ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﲤﻴﻴﺰﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .49.16ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﱯ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ.
ﻟﻘﺪ ﲢﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﳒﻤﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﰲ :ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ
ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﺎ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ،
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻓﺰﺍ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ.
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺗﺖ ﺎ
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ
ﲝﻖ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﳑﺎ ﺳﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
-1ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻳﻔﻮﺕ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺃﺟﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ
623ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ.
8
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﺫ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ
ﻭﺗﺆﻃﺮ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻛﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ
ﺗﺴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ .ﻭﺣﱴ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ
ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ
ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﺎﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﺘﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ
ﺑﺈﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻜﱪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ 23ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻭﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ :ﻛﻴﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12؟
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ :ﻛﻴﻒ ﺻﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ
ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﰎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ
ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12؟ ﻭﻣﺎ
ﻫﻮ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ؟ ﻭﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟ ﰒ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ؟
ﻭﲤﺎﺷﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻛﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﻷﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ.
ﻭﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻃﺮﺓ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎﺩ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﺺ ﻣﻌﲔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺪﻑ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ
9
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ .ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ) (67.12ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﲑﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﰲ) ،(49.16ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻅ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ – 1980ﺍﳌﻠﻐﻰ -ﻭﻧﻈﲑﻩ
ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ)ﻅ 19ﻧﻮﻧﱪ (2013ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺮﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ
ﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺼﻠﲔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﺻﻮﺭﻩ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ.
10
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﺻﻮﺭﻩ
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﺻﻮﺭﻩ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻝ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ
ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ .145ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ
ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﰲ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻭﺇﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ،
ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ.
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ،ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺼﻮﺭ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺛﺎﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ؛
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ)ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ،ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﻫﺎﻥ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ
ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ)ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(.
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 245ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،67.12ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺇﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ:
1ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ... ":ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ –ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ -ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻧﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01
ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.02.172ﰲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 13) 1423ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ (2002؛."...
-2ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ " :ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺳﻜﲎ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ – ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ -ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 266ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ".
12
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ – ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ -ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.02.172ﰲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 13)1423ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ .(2002
". ...ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ -ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ -1980ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ
ﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺯﻭﺝ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻻﺀﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،1ﻭﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ .2ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻪ
ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ( ﰒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ،ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ
ﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ)ﺃﻭﻻ( ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ(.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻪ.
ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
ﺃ_ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ:
-1ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﰲ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﰲ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻪ
ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ".
-2ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺎﱐ ،ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ :67.12ﺭﺻﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ ،ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ،2015ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ،28ﺹ.20 :
13
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ،1ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ 2ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 319ﻣﻨﻪ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻴﺘﻪ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 630ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ 4ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ" :ﻣﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﻻ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺒﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻫﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﱂ ﳚﺰ ﳍﻢ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﺅﻩ".
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ 5ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﲔ.6
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ،
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﲟﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ
ﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ .7ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ":ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 813ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ
ﺇﻻ ﺑﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﲟﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 914ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ)ﺃﻱ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ (1980ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ
-1ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﺍﻷﲪﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ،ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﻔﺎ1422 ،ﻫـ2001/ﻡ،
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ،ﺹ.182:
-2ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .67.12
-3ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 19ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 49.16ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ " :ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ". ...
-4ﻇﻬﲑ 9ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ 12) 1331ﻏﺸﺖ (1913ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ.
-5ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻣﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2011/12/06ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 2010/6/1/1606ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﺍﺓ ".ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ1436 ،ﻫـ2015/ﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ،
ﺹ.363 :
-6ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺣﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻖ ،2006/2005 ،ﺹ.127:
-7ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.182 :
-8ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .67.12
-9ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .67.12
14
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ
ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻫﻮ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍﻢ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ".1
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﻴﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ
ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺓ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲝﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲝﻖ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ
ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲢﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳏﻞ ﻟﻪ.2
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ –ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ -ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻮﺟﺎﻫﺔ ﺣﺠﺠﻪ ﻭﻟﺼﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻃﺖ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ
ﻣﻠﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺎﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﱃ ﲟﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ 3ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺎ،
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﺭﻗﻢ 397ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 1977/12/16ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ
ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 464316ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ" :ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﻓﺎﺳﺪﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﱄ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺍ".5
-1ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ-2012 ،
،2013ﺹ.174:
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ :ﻧﺰﻫﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﺪﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀـ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺍﻥ1437 ،ﻫـ2016/ﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺹ:.252
-2ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.183 :
-3ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ:
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.165 : ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.184 : ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.128 : ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 2334ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1992/10/5ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،85/436ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ،2011/1957ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ1433 ،ﻫـ2012/ﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﺹ.54:
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.27
-5ﻭﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1996/1/25ﲢﺖ ﻋﺪﺩ 563ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،91/3041ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﺪﺩ 49ﻭ ،50ﺹ 86:ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺩ.ﺕ ،ﺩ.ﻁ ،ﺹ .50 :ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ
ﻓﻴﻪ ":ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﲤﻠﻜﻪ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ".ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ
15
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﻪ
ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ،1ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﰲ:
ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺎﻉ :ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺎﻉ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻖ ﳍﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ
2
ﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ 3.ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ.
4
ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ :ﳛﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ،ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ.
5
ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻭﺟﺔ :ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻼ ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺟﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ،ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺟﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻣﺘﺰﻭﺝ ،ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ،ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻧﻔﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 187ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﻨﺎﺅﻫﺎ ،ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻠﻚ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ .6ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ" :ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺃﺑﻨﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ".
7
ﺏ -ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ:
ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﲤﻠﻜﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺬﺍ ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ )ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﻗﻠﺺ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺇﱃ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻨﻪ(.
-1ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.129:
-2ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 971ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ.
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.185:
-4ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 1377ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1996/3/7ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،1994/8/1/4910 ،ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.130:
-5ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.185 :
-6ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،2013 ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ،
ﺹ.142 :
-7ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺭﻗﻢ 2983ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1986/12/22ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ،40ﺹ ،105 :ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ،1996 ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺹ.106 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻯ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 6.79ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺸﺮ ﳍﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.1
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﲝﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﰲ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 6.79ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺇﺫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ -
ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ -1980ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ،2ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻳﻌﲏ
ﺳﻜﲎ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ .3ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ 4ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ﴿ :ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ
ﻚ ﻵﻳﺎﺕ ِﻟﻘﹶﻮﻡ
ﺧﻠﹶﻖَ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴِﻜﻢ ﺃﹶﺯﻭﺍﺟﺎ ِﻟﺘﺴﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﻟﹶﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻌﻞﹶ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺣﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﹶﻟ
ﻳﺘﻔﹶﻜﺮﻭﻥ﴾.5
ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ،ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳜﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ
ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،94/29ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﺭﻗﻢ ،347/91ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ .61993/11/15ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻔﺲ
ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﺘﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﰱ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻝ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﳜﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ،7ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﲎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﰱ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ
-1ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻹﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ،
ﺍﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ :ﳎﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﲎ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ،2016ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ،ﺹ.110 :
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ :ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﲟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 20ﻧﻮﻧﱪ ،2014ﺹ.9 :
-2ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 51ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ" :ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ:
.1ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺯﻭﺟﻴﺔ". ...
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2000/10/17ﻋﺪﺩ ،75/38ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 00/945ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ،55ﺹ:
56ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.45:
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.144/143 :
-5ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ.21 :
-6ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺹ.247 :
-7ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ 84ﻭ 131ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ.
17
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ،1ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺝ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻃﻠﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ ﺃﻭﺍﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﲣﻀﻊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻹﺳﻜﺎﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﻼ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ
ﻃﻠﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺎ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﱰﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺪﳝﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺗﻪ
ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ
ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺟﻌﻞ
ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻻﺋﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻀﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺔ ،2ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﻴﺊ ﻷﻭﻻﺩﻩ ﳏﻼ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﺎﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻪ ،3ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ 4ﰲ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ
ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.5
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ
ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻢ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
ﺃ -ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﱄ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 613ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ
1980ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻇﻒ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ" ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ
-1ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ ،ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ-ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ،2013 ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ،ﺹ.205 :
-2ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 171ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ.
-3ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 168ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ.
-4ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ16 :
-5ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻊ :ﲰﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺥ ،ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﻧﺔ )ﻧﻮﺫﺟﺎ( ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ
ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻘﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﻱ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﻨﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ،2007/2006 ،ﺹ 48 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
-6ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ " :ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ
ﺳﻜﲎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ – ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ -ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 266ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ
ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ".
18
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻟﻠﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺗﺖ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ" .ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ؟
ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﳑﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺪﺍﺩ
ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ -1ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻡﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ،2ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ،ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ
ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ.3
ﺏ -ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ:
ﻻ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳎﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻭﻻﺩﻩ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻢ ،4ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ -ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ -ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻢ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻝ ﳍﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .5ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
-1ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ:
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.174 :ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.135 :ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،1996ﺹ.117 :ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.188 : -2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1997/11/18ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،3675/92ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ،1:ﺹ.175 :
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1988/6/28ﻋﺪﺩ ،1471ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،872726ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻋﺪﺩ
،59ﺹ 119 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.46 :
-4ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.133 :
-5ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.188 :
19
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
67.12ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻭﻇﻒ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ" ،ﻭﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ
ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ – ﺃﻱ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ -ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺫﻛﻮﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺎﺛﺎ.1
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻛﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺷﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺟﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺝ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻬﺎ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻘﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ
ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ" .2ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﲔ ﻋﻨﻪ.3
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﺭﺕ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﱴ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﲢﺖ ﻋﺪﺩ 2567ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 86/462ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
" :1990/12/10ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ
ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻻﺋﻖ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻨﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻭﺟﺔ".4
ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺻﻔﺔ "ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ" ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ
ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺺ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ،5ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻖ
ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺴﻒ
-1ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ،3459ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1995/06/27 :ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ، 253/89 :ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 83:ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ":ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﲔ 13ﻭ 14ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 1980 /12/ 25ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺎ ﻋﱪﺕ
ﺑﻠﻔﻆ"ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺫﻛﻮﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺎﺛﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻻ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻀﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳊﺎﺟﺔ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻼ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﱂ ﳜﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ".
-2ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ .ﺱ ،ﺹ.175 :
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ :ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻼﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﲝﺚ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ –ﻓﺎﺱ ،-ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ،1991/1990،ﺹ 69 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
-3ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.134 :
-4ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ :ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ 203 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
-5ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.134 :
20
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻝ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ،
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﰱ ﻭﺣﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ .ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ
ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ.
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻮﻝ
ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ)ﺃﻭﻻ( ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ
ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ( ﺿﻤﻦ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻢ.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ
ﺇﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.1
ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﺎ" :ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻮﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺼﺔ
ﺃﺑﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﰲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻪ" .2ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ
3266ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ،ﻭﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﰲ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ
ﺑﻨﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﰲ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ".
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻭﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﰲ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ
ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻪ.4
-1ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.176 :
-2ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﳌﺰﺭﻉ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺋﺾ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻼ ،ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺁﻧﻔﻮ-ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺖ ،ﻓﺎﺱ ،2015ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺹ.191 :
-3ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 266ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ" :ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﰲ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﺑﻦ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ،ﻭﺟﺐ ﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﰲ ﺛﻠﺚ
ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ".
-4ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.136 :
21
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﲟﺴﺎﺀﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 371ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ
ﺷﺮﻃﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ 1ﻭﳘﺎ:
ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺭﺛﲔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﻢ. ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﰱ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﳍﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻟﻸﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﳉﺪﻫﻢ ﰲ
ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭﺓ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﰱ
ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳊﻔﺪﺓ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻻ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﺍ ﻻ ﻣﻌﻴﻞ ﳍﻢ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﻢ.
ﺑﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 19ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ
249.16ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ – ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ -ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 369ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 70.03ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.04.22ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 12ﻣﻦ ﺫﻱ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ 3)1424ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ (2004ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ
ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻩ". ...،
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ،3ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺀ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﲣﺬ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ
ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﰲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ.
-1ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ:
ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﳌﺰﺭﻉ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ193 :ﻭ .194 ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 371ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ":ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺭﺛﲔ ﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻼ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ". ...،
-2ﻇﻬﲑ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.16.99ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 13ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮﺍﻝ 18) 1437ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ (2016ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 49.16ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ
ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ،ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 6490ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 2016/8/11ﺹ .5857
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.190 :
22
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻮﻝ
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ :67.12
" ،....ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.02.172ﰲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 13)1423ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ .". ...(2002
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ
،6.79ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻝ ﳍﻢ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ،67.12ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻠﻪ
ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻟﺪ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﺤﺎﻓﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻔﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ.1
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺩ
ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻟﲔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ.2
ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻃﻔﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﻼ 3ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﻨﻪ ﲦﺎﻥ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ
ﺳﻨﺔ ﴰﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﲔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺏ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﺃﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﲣﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺎ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺣﺴﻦ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺠﺰﻩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺇﺯﺍﺀﻩ.
-1ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻹﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ،
ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ.111 :
-2ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.02.172ﰲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 13) 1423ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ
.(2002ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 5031ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 10ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ 19) 1423ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ،(2002ﺹ.2362 :
-3ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻼﻗﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻛﺄﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﻻ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻟﻪ .ﻭﻻ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 15.01ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ.
-ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.112 :
23
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ" ﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﱂ ﳝﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﲦﺎﻥ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﴰﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ.
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 70.03ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ.1
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 249.16ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﰲ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺺ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﺣﻖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ
ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻣﺘﺎﺯ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ.
(1ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ .ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺇﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ .ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﳍﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻻﻣﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﺒﻌﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ –ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ 13ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ -1980ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 6.79ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ
ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ.
ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ؟
-1ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ 277ﺇﱃ 314ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
-2ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ:
ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 19ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 49.16ﻋﻠﻰ ،... " :ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.02.172 :ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 13 ) 1423ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ". ... ،2002
-ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺑﻮﳒﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﻇﻬﲑ 1955ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ،49.16ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻏﺮﺍﻑ-ﻃﻨﺠﺔ ،-ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،2016ﺹ.72،73،74 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ
ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ،ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ
ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ،ﺇﺫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 149ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 67.12ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ 2ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﺭﻫﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ( ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ
ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺭﻫﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ
ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ،3ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻃﲔ
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ؛ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ)ﺃﻭﻻ( ،ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ
ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻑ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ(.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ
ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﺍﺓ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺙ
-1ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﺮ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ:
-1ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺬ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ؛
-2ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ،ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ.
ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ".
-2ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻻ ﳛﻴﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻭﻓﺤﻮﺍﻩ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ
ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻌﻔﻰ ﻣﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﳘﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻓﻖ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ .ﺱ ،ﺹ.202 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ،1ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﳐﻔﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ
ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﻪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ .2ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ
ﻭﰲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ.
-1ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ:
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 14ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 6.79ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻢ
ﺍﳋﻼﻑ 3ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ)ﺃﻱ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ( ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻞ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻡ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺛﺎ؟.4
ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ 5ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 14ﻣﻦ 6.79ﱂ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ
ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﺍﺓ ،ﳌﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲦﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ.6
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﲝﺴﻤﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ .ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﳌﺪﺓ 12ﺷﻬﺮﺍ
ﻭﺗﻮﰲ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺪﺓ 6ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻣﱴ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻟﻪ
-1ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 14ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ .1980
-2ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻹﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﺍﻠﺔ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.113 :
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ( :ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﻣﲔ ﺟﺒﻴﻠﻮ، Les innovations de nouvelle réglementation de bail civile،ﳎﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ،16ﺷﺘﻨﱪ ،2016ﺹ.155 :
-3ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ:
ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.139 : ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.121 : ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.105 : ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.171 : ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ203 : -4ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻛﺎﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳍﺒﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ،ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻀﺔ ،ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﻌﺔ .ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ:
ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺧﻮﺭﻱ ،ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،39.08ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،2013ﺩ ﻁ.
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ 1997/5/15ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 93/2164ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ
ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺭﺛﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺧﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻠﻜﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﺭﺙ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ".
-6ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.123 :
26
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺇﺭﺙ ﻭﻻ ﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺓ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ 1ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻤﺪ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﲟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮﻳﻦ
ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻨﲔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻻﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻣﱰﻻ
ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺎ 2ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﳏﻞ ﳑﻠﻮﺀ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﳚﺴﺪ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻀﻲ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ 3ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺎ ﰒ ﺃﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺍﻛﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻓﺮﻏﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺇﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ .ﻭﻳﺴﺮﻱ
ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﲟﻘﺎﺑﻞ
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻪ.4
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ
ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﳏﻔﻈﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻔﻆ5؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻔﻆ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻩ
ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 67ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ ،6ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻔﻆ ﻓﻤﺪﺓ
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 1956/12/3ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ"،
ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻹﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،...67.12ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.112 :
-2ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.138 :
-3ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ .ﺱ ،ﺹ.125 :
-4ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﻡ .ﺱ ،ﺹ.126/125 :
-5ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.143 :
-6ﻇﻬﲑ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.11.177ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 25ﻣﻦ ﺫﻱ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ 22) 1432ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ (2011ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 14.07ﺍﳌﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﻢ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 9ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ 12) 1331ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ (1913ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 5998ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 24ﻧﻮﻧﱪ .2011
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ 1ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 491ﻕ.ﻝ.ﻉ 2ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ
ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ،ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ
ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ.
ﻟﻜﻦ –ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ -ﻓﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 491ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ﱂ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻻ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ 489ﻕ.ﻝ.ﻉ -ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ
-491ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ...ﻭﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﳏﺮﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ .ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ".ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺎﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻣﻦ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺣﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ.
-2ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻭﺿﻊ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺿﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺭﺑﲔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ
ﳛﺴﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺈﺛﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺼﻠﺤﺔ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ3؛ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ 4ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﻖ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ..." :ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻜﻮﺍ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ
ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﲑﻭﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ" .5ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ 6ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺿﻊ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ،ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﻬﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ،ﻭﺃﻻ ﳛﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺇﻻ
-1ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ:
ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.126 : ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ143 : -2ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 491ﻕ ﻝ ﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ" :ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ".
-3ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.143 :
-4ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.204 :
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.170 : -5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ –ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ -ﻋﺪﺩ ،21ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 11ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ،1982ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،92508ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻉ ،30ﺹ،101:
ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.204 :
-6ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.145/144:
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺎ ،1ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻟﲔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ)ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻣﱪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺎﺯﻉ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ.2
ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺠﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ
ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ 18ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻐﻠﻴﺒﺎ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ ﳑﻦ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﻢ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،67.12ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻞ
ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ 3ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .15.01
ﻓﻠﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺘﺎﺟﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻑ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ4؛ ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻑ ﳍﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﺎ ﻟﻪ.5
ﺃ -ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ:
-1ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.124 :
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺭﻗﻢ 4845ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ 28ﺷﺘﻨﱪ ،1995ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ .4911/92ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ
ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.144 :
-3ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.145 :
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.176 :
-5ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ )ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﻋﺪﺩ 9ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 91-891ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،1982/1/11ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ " :ﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ
ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ".ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻡ ﺱ،
ﺹ.177 :
29
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﲔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺎﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻻ
ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﻣﻔﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ.
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻀﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳌﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻻ
ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ.1
ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ
ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ 2ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻳﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﳏﻼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ 3ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﺴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﰱ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ .ﻭﲡﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ
ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ4؛ ﻓﺎﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﻷﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﻼﺀ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﰲ
ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ .ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺼﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻼﻙ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺠﺌﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﳏﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﻮﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻬﻢ
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ.
ﺏ -ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ:
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ 1665ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2000/04/25ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،98/3/1/1239ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ
،2011 /1957ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.96 :
-2ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.147 :
-3ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.177:
-4ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.149 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ
ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﶈﻞ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ
ﳏﺘﺎﺝ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺓ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻪ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﳒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ
ﻃﻼﻕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ ﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﻪ...ﺇﱁ ،ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺃﻧﻪ":ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺪﱃ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻼﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ" .1ﻭﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ
ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﱪﺭﺍ
ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ .ﻭﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﺘﱪ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ.
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻋﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳏﻼ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ
ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﳏﺮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ 2ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﲏ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ
ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ -ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻪ -ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍ ﺣﻼ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻜﻦ .ﻓﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ.3
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﻋﺪﺩ ،716ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ 1ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ،1996ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،90/3072ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ :ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ:
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.158 :
-2ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.127 :
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.207 :
31
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﺣﻔﺎﻇﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺮﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻨﺎﺕ ،1ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﰲ:
ﺃﻭﻻ -ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻪ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﳑﺎﺛﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻬﺎ،2
ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ :ﺃﻭﳍﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ
ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ،3ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺽ
ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺁﺏ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ.
4
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ -ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ
ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺽ
ﳑﺎﺛﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﶈﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺺ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺪﳝﺎ ﻭﺑﺄﺟﺮﺓ ﺯﻫﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻮﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ.5
ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺭﻫﻴﻨﺎ ﲟﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ
ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺃﺣﺪ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻪ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ
-1ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ ،1980ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.162 :
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1952/1/4ﺍﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،1952 ،ﺹ ،272 :ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.163 :
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.208 :
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ :ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﰊ ،ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،1990-1989 :ﺹ.36 :
-4ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.208 :
-5ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.164 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﻻ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ.1
-1ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.127 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ
ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ
ﺍﶈﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺣﺼﺮﺍ 1ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﱪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ .2ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﳛﺪﺙ
ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺃﺛﺮﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ)ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ،ﻣﻊ
ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ)ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(.
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺗﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ 3ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ
ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ .ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻮﺭ
ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(
ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻄﺎﳌﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻛﻤﱪﺭ ﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ
ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ
ﺇﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺴﻴﻎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﳏﺮﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺄﻭﻳﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﶈﻞ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ 4،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺑﺄﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﲟﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ،ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ
-1ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺹ 12 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺹ .24
-2ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ،ﺹ.209 :
-3ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ" :ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺇﻻ
ﺑﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ:
-2ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻔﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ
ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 15.01ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻠﲔ ،ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ". ...
-4ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.211:
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻘﺪﻩ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ،1ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ
ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻷﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻮﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ
ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺎ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺎ 2ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ 3ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﲑ ﲟﺸﻐﻠﻪ 4ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ
ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺄﻭﻳﻪ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﺧﱪﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.
ﻭﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ
ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ.5
ﺇﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻛﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ)ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﲑﺍ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ
ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﺘﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ،6ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻻ ﳝﻴﺰ ﰲ
-1ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.213 :
-2ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ" ،ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ" ،ﲝﺚ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻴﺎﺽ ،ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺶ ،ﻳﻮﻣﻲ 8ﻭ9
ﻣﺎﻱ ،2010ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ،2010/36 :ﺹ.104 :
-3ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ " ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ
ﰲ ﻓﻘﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ .ﻓﺎﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ
ﻭﱂ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ".ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.153 :
ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ" :ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺠﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎﻩ ،ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﱃ ﺧﻠﻖﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ".ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ،ﺝ ،6ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻀﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،2011 ،ﺹ .1168.1169
-4ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.109:
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﻋﺪﺩ 2477ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2006/07/26ﻣﻠﻒ ﺩﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،1843/1/3/2005ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.226 :
-6ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ :ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ،ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﺪ ،ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ 145
ﺹ 80 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
35
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ1؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳏﺘﻼ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ
ﻃﺮﺩﻩ 2ﻭﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ
ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ 3ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻀﺖ
ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ)ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳍﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2015ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2008/05/28ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ
ﻋﺪﺩ
2007/3/1/3981ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺭﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﳏﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻼ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﲟﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻪ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ".4
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻷﺣﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ،5ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ،
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﻣﺲ –ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ -ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ
6
– ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ_ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ – ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ-
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ
ﺇﱃ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ.7
-1ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ ﺃﻥ..." :ﻛﻞ ﺳﻜﻦ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻟﻸﺟﲑ ﲟﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ
ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻞ ﻷﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻦ ،".ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ" ،ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ" ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.105 :
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ،ﻋﺪﺩ 2353ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2002/7/3ﻣﻠﻒ ﻧﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2002/2/1/3405ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ،2022/1957ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.149 :
ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ :ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ)ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﻋﺪﺩ 213ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 22ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ،1979ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ،1988/57ﺹ":91 :ﺇﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﲑ ﻋﻦﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﳏﺘﻼ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻻ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ".ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.111 :
-3ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ 2610ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2008/07/09ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 3/1/3028ﻡ 2007ﺃﻧﻪ ":ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻤﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ .ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﺈﺧﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ".
ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.43 :
-4ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.248 :
ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻇﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ 192ﻣﻠﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 2006 -01 -700ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 24ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2007ﻗﻀﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ":ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﱵﻳﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ."...ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.112 :
-5ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ" :ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ".
-6ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ 2525ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ،2002/07/17ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2000/1/1/2111ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.21 :
-7ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ 60ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ .67
36
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ
ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﳏﻞ ﺳﻜﲏ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻳﺆﺟﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ
ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻏﺮﺑﺘﻪ ،1ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ
ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ
ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻬﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻩ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ)ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ( ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ.
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺘﺮﺏ
ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ
ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺳﻜﻨﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ -ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ -ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻣﺪﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ 2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﺗﻬﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﻫﻮ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ)ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ...ﺇﱁ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ)ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ 3.ﻭﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﳌﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻻ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﳌﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ
ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻞ.
-1ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.214:
-2ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.214:
-3ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.1156 :
37
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ
ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ
ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﲟﺴﻜﻦ
ﺧﺎﺹ ،1ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ
ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ
ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﺟﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ،2ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ
ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻭﺝ ،3ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻩ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺈﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ
ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ 4ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ)ﻛﺎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻼ( ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺳﲔ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺍﳍﺪﻭﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ.5
ﻭﻳﺴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺳﲔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﱪﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻮﺑﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ.6
-1ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.156 –15 :
ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ 216 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ. -2ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.155 :
-3ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ،ﺝ ،6ﺍﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.1188 :
4ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.217 :
-5ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ،1158:
6ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.219 :
ﻭﻧﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2058ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ 17ﺷﺘﻨﱪ ،1986ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،95069ﺃﻧﻪ" :ﻣﻦﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ "،ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.156 :
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ 1ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ – ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ
ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ -ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻛﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﱪﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ .ﻭﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﻼﻕ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺻﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ
ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ .ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻯ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺭﻏﻢ
ﻗﺼﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻺﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﳏﻞ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺁﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ .2ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻞ
ﺳﻜﲎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ –ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ -ﳝﻠﻚ ﳏﻼ ﻣﺆﺟﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻢ .3ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ
ﻟﻸﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻘﻄﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ 4ﻓﺎﻟﻌﱪﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻜﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ.ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﻀﺖ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ)ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻣﱰﻻ
ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﱪﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ.5
(1ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻬﲏ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﳏﻼ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺎ
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﺄﺟﻮﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﺪﻑ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ.
-1ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 5ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ .
-2ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻅ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ﺹ.156 :
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.224 :
-4ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ 98805ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،198/03/24ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﺭﻗﻢ ،98505ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ224 :
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ 98805ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 1983/3/24ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،98505ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻟﺰﺭﻕ ،ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ
ﻇﻬﲑ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ
ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ-ﻓﺎﺱ 23/22 -ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ،2007ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ-ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،2007 -ﺹ 404 :ﻭ.405
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اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ
ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ1؛ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﲟﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ
ﺣﻘﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ -ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ -ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ2؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻟﻄﺎﳌﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ
ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ.3
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻩ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1996/12/10ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ 93/2332ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﺼﺤﻪ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ
ﻣﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﲏ ﻣﻼﻝ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﲟﺴﻘﻂ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ ﺟﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،4ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻗﻖ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ)ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ( ﺃﻡ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ)ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺮﻭﺡ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ
ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ 5ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻪ.
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﹺﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﶈﺘﺞ ﺎ ﺪﻑ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ؛
ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻉ ﳎﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ.
-1ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻅ 25ﺩﺟﻨﱪ 1980ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.159 :
-2ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.223 :
-3ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﰊ ،ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ -ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،1990-1989:ﺹ.33:
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.167 :
-5ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻗﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.160 :
40
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻓﺎﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ،1
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺎﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺻﻼ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﳏﻼ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ
ﳍﺎ .ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ 67.12ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ
ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ.2
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ،ﻓﻌﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺳﺮﺡ ﺃﺧﱪﻧﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻭﻫﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ ﻣﻠﻴﻜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ" :ﻟﻮ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺍﻫﻢ،
ﻻﺩﻋﻰ ﻧﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﺀ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ" ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﱪﺍﱐ ﺑﺈﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ" :ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻜﺮ" ،3ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ 4ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 45ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،67.12
ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ.5
ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ،6ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ،ﻭﳏﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ( ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ(.
-1ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ،ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ.
-2ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.229 :
-3ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ،ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ،ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ-ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ
1391ﻫـ1971 /ﻡ ،ﺹ.419 :
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.179 :
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺭﻗﻢ 412ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1986-2-4ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ،84/3524ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ " :ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ
ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ" .ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺭﻗﻢ 1518ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ -4-3
،1985ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ 85/2685ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺃﻭﱃ ﲟﺤﻠﻪ" ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.120 :
-6ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ179 :
41
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ
ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻭﺭﺩ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 404ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ،1ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ .ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺮﻛﺰ
ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﳏﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ
ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﳝﺎ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺭﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﺻﻴﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﻫﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ .2ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪﻻﻭﻱ ﺑﺄﺎ "ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺫﻧﻪ" ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺫﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ
ﻟﻐﲑﻩ" .3ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻜﻮﺎ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ.
ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﲨﻪ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ 4ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ 1ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻛﺪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ" :ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ".
-1ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 404ﻕ.ﻝ.ﻉ" :ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ:
(1ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ؛
(2ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ؛
(3ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ؛
(4ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ؛
(5ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ".
-2ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ،
ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،2014ﺹ.187 :
-3ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.288 :
-4ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ:
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺭﻗﻢ ،2/430ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 10ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ،2014ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2013/2/1/5916ﺍﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ،ﺹ.265 :
-ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ،13ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2014/02/12ﻡ ﻡ ﻉ )1302/13/24ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ(.
42
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻴﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،2ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ
ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺎ ﻗﻀﺖ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺎ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﱂ ﺗﺸﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ
ﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻇﻬﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ.3
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ 4ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺎ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ 5ﺭﻗﻢ 1638ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ
ﻳﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﲰﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺑﻄﻠﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ...
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ 71ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﻕ.ﻡ.ﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻼ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ".6
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ 7ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﻓﺾ
ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،3/537ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2015/07/06ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2014/3/1/2025ﺍﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ،
ﺹ.187 :
-2ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ؛ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ 187 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺇﱃ ﺹ.215 :
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺭﻗﻢ ،354ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1969/07/04ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.26 :
-4ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﳌﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﺑﻮﺯﻭﺭ" ،ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ" ،ﺍﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ" ،93 :ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻥ ﻋﺪﻟﲔ ﰲ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﻠﺔ ﲞﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ 418ﻕ ﻝ ﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ 35ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
16.03ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲞﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻛﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ .ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ
ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﳎﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻬﻤﺔ".
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺭﻗﻢ ،1638ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2005/6/1ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2004/3/1/1960ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺗﻪ ﳌﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﺑﻮﺯﻭﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.93/92 :
-6ﳌﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﺑﻮﺯﻭﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.93/92 :
-7ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،525ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1882/07/16ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ .84586ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.33 :
43
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺟﻮﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳛﻖ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ
ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ.1
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻱ
ﺑﺄﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ.2
ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 449ﻕ ﻝ ﻉ ﺑﺄﺎ" :ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ"
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ،ﻷﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺻﻼ
ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻫﺎ ،3ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ
4
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ،ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻟﺔ ﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﳛﺼﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻷﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ.5
ﻭﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﶈﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﳊﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺪﱄ ﺑﻮﺻﻞ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﳏﻼ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ
ﳏﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﻲ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ،1997/11/20ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،96/2529ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ
ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.179 :
-2ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ .245
-3ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.246 :
-4ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 450ﻣﻦ ﻕ ﻝ ﻉ " :ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
- 1ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﻄﻼﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺎ ﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ؛
- 2ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺩﻡ؛
-3ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻀﻲ".
-5ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.252 :
44
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻀﺖ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:1
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ)2ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ( ﺭﻗﻢ 2983ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻛﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺻﻞ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺎ
ﺗﺴﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺃﺑﻨﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻬﺎ. "...
ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ 3ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺎﺗﻪ" :ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﺑﻮﺻﻞ ﻛﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ
ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﱰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ )ﺡ ﻡ( ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ"،
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻯ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﻣﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﺠﻼﺀ
ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﻼﺀ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ .ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ 15ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
81.03ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﲔ ،4ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺪﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﳏﻀﺔ ﳎﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺭﺃﻱ ،ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ.
-1ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ - :ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2334ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1992/10/05ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،85/436ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ
ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.54 :
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،758ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1993/03/22ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،88/1890ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.61 : ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،297ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2011/01/25ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ .2010/6/1/946ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.263 :
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2983ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1986/12/22ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،86/1643ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.41 :
-3ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2014/1/29ﻡ ﻡ ﻉ )13/1302/295ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ(.
-4ﻇﻬﲑ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ 1.06.23ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ 15ﻣﻦ ﳏﺮﻡ 14) 1427ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ (2006ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ 81.03ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﲔ ،ﺝ ﺭ
ﻋﺪﺩ 5400ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺻﻔﺮ 2 ) 1427ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ،(2006ﺹ .559
45
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻘﻮﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ 1ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ 2ﻋﺪﺩ 297ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻀﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ
ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﻮﺽ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺏ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ .ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ 3ﻋﺪﺩ
565ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ" :ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﺀﻩ
ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ،...ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﻧﻒ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﳏﻼ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺛﻼﺙ ﻏﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻄﺒﺦ ﻭﻣﺮﺣﺎﺽ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺎ ﲟﺤﻞ
ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﳏﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﱃ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﺍﶈﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ،...ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﻧﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﻩ ﻏﲑ
ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ".
ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ.
-1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2154ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2011/05/10ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2010/6/1/3405ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.300:
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،297ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2011/01/25ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2010/6/1/946ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.263 :
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،565ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2012/01/31ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2011/6/1483ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.269 :
46
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻨﻰ
ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﻻ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﻃﺮﻑ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ،1ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ،ﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ 2ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﻬﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺄﻻ ﳛﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺔ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﻭﻗﻌﺖ
ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺎ ،3ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ .4ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ)ﺃﻭﻻ( ﻣﻦ
ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﰲ
ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ(.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﻬﲑ 5ﻣﺎﻱ 1928ﳝﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﳍﺎ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﰲ
ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻠﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺺ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﳛﺪﺩ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،ﻓﺴﺎﺭﻋﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﳑﺎ
-1ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ- :ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2254ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1985/10/21ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،85/2746ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﺇﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﲟﺎ
ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﱃ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺞ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﳏﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲎ" .ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ،
ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.37 :
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،1813ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1990/9/17ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،85/3132ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ 4ﺹ 136ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.50 :
-2ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ ،35 :ﺃﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ" :ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ
ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ،ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺪ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﰲ ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ ،ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﻳﻬﻠﻚ
ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻇﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﳛﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻬﻨﻢ ،ﻧﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﳚﲑﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﱪﺯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ".
-3ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.124 :
-4ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻋﺪﺩ ،29ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2007/2/07ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،05165ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ 28ﺹ 304 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ،
ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.47 :
47
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ،1ﻭﳌﻞﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻇﻬﲑ 23ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ
1941ﻭﺃﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﲟﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ
ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﹸﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴﺎ.2
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﻇﻬﲑ 1980ﰎ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﺴﺦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺴﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﳓﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ
ﻓﺘﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ،3ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﱪﺕ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﻐﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺧﱪﺓ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،4ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﶈﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ.5
ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳓﺼﺮﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 49ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
67.12ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﳏﻼ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﻋﱪﺓ
ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﳛﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﰲ ﻏﲎ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ.6
-1ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.225 :
-2ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻈﻬﲑ 23ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1941ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ " :ﺇﻧﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ 1928/5/5ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ
ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ
ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴﺎ"
-3ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.229 :
-4ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،3179ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1991/12/23ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،88/2411ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ
ﺱ ،ﺹ.52 :
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،2319ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2001/06/19ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،00/3/1/2467ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.99 : ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،1479ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1983/10/05ﻡ.ﻡ.ﻉ ،79121ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 33ﻭ 34ﺹ 35 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ،ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.43 :
-5ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،445ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1982/6/28ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ،92125ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 32ﺹ 75 :ﻭﻣﺎ
ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻡ .ﺱ ،ﺹ.48 :
-6ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺝ 2ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.230 :
48
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻣﻌﲎ
ﰲ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ .1ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﰲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻪ.
ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ
ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﳍﺎ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﱃ ﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺗﺼﺮﳛﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﱃ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ،
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻀﺖ ﺑﻪ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺎ.2
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻣﻼﻛﻪ
ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﲎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﺎﺝ
3
ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺓ ﻛﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ
ﻣﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻷﻭﺿﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ.4
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻧﺺ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﳛﺘﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ:
5
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﳛﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻲ ﲝﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻼﻛﻪ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ
ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳝﻠﻚ ﳏﻼ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ.6
-1ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.230 :
2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ،20ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2015/02/03ﻡ ﻡ ﻉ )،14/1302//23ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ(.
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،1479ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1983/10/05ﻡ ﻡ ﻉ ،79121ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 33ﻭ 34ﺹ 35 :ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ،
ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.43 :
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،92/3877ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1997/05/27ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺄﻥ" :ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﲤﻠﻚ ﳏﻼﺕ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ" .ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ،ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﻫﺎﻣﺶ 1ﺹ.180 :
-4ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.180 :
-5ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.233 :
-6ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،445ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،1982/6/28ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ،92125ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ 32ﺹ 75 :ﻭﻣﺎ
ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻔﻘﲑ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.48 :
49
اﻹﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺮاء اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻭﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳏﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﻍ ﳑﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﻛﺎﻑ ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻞ ،ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﺷﻔﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﱪﺭ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ،1ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻀﺖ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺑﺈﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻠﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻏﻪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ
ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺷﻘﻖ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﺎﻩ ﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ،2ﻭﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﶈﻞ ﳑﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻑ ﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ.3
ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻧﺺ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺮﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻒ
ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻣﻼﻛﻪ ،ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﲔ ﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺈﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺪﻑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ.
-1ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻠﺤﺴﺎﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.233 :
-2ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ،4543ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2011/10/25ﻡ ﻡ ﻉ ،2010/6/1/1610ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺀ
ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ،ﻡ ﺱ ،ﺹ.324 :
-3ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،2015/11/10ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﱐ ﺭﻗﻢ ).14/1302/160ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ(.
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