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ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﲎ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ :ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﻛﺪﺍﻙ :ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻧﻮﻧﱪ 2012
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ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ :
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﻛﺪﺍﻙ :ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ :ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺧﺮﻃﺔ :ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﺪﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻛﻮﻟﻔﺮﱐ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺂﻛﺎﺩﻳﺮ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﻃﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻮﺭ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﱯ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺄﻛﺎﺩﻳﺮ.
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻃﻪ :
ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
www.majalah.new.ma
www.majalah-droit.ici.st
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ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ) .ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ (word
ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ.
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ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ.
ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ )ﻣﺎﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ 1200ﻛﻠﻤﺔ(
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ﺇﺭﻓﺎﻕ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ).ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ(.
ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ.
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ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ sldg55@gmail.com
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ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ
ﺭﺃﻱ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ.
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L’Impact et la Répercussion de l’Héritage du Passé sur le Développement
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Equitable à la Santé pour toute la Population Marocaine M. Riyad MOUNASSIB,
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(1 )Sur cette question .G.conac (sous la dir.de).L’Afrique en transition vers le pluralisme politique, Economica, Paris, 1993, p, 341-351.
(2 )Sur ce point : A.S.Ould Bouboutt, « La Mauritanie en quête de démocratie » suivi de « la relance du processus démocratique »in G .conac (sous la
dir.de).L’Afrique en question ….op. cit.
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و ار/ اEz]'( داu ا3n اDQu اU+رM
?و ا،'ل اy<
ن ذوو اpM ) و
<"
س اUDQ
:'pر
ا+ $]
« Ds اAل » اe، 3 اEz دا1990D% /
اث ا'ا/e<
اyz
ار
وqD%اث ا/e اد/+
آ
Philippe Marchesin. « Tribus, ethnies et pouvoir en Mauritanie ». Karthala. Paris.1992.437P..et références citées :voir surtout (en langue italienne) :di Gian Paolo
Chiari .Conflitti etniei e integrazione politica in Mauritania.Africa.Roma.Anno XLV n°4.dicembre 1990.p.527-554.
(5 )A.S.Ould Bouboutt, « La Mauritanie en quête de démocratie », art. Précité. P.345-346.
41
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2
( l#5 m
D {
c >*
&% n U6 ko& 4 (Bretton Woods)
PK1I< ! ZET z )DE& 9 !( u ( G
6D \(u =/A 9DE
P ^# 3A/_5 \n* N>T
5 T 8 %&/ %
4 m
` u E6 /A ! E
<&/8 A (
%2 ` u 475 U- ª
%&/ oE/uL NE {&A( F
z P2
_ Mc7 aF& ! *K2I ¼ 2
( /l
oT/S » (G.Conac)+
P
P 4 k
&%5 n%5 m
2 ^ MN( R* !( k
{ =2
%A5 * E < $7cu %&/ %$ >4K3I 9 E
* 5 F
D U6 >T
8 E ¸ %&/ )X < = F u %o Vl
p
A 9DE a*A Vl
u tv&
!( 2 G5 9
^ MZ =(# ¥ p_ ! {
W2& ,% F u < &
P 2
1
2 K
F ` I 2
p_T z 1
N * » M .Philippe decrame \( m M
K4I P¼ >Z&( G&(
T/F K.5 >/ j u&I E2 3
_5 * 1c * wcL* U
T ! ( 6
p =>N& {&A5 $7c up
60 = $L 6&? ,E* 8 &
? M 8
FS
PF
&/
.x >@ & %&/ (D TZ 4103 102 T5 G%S M NE {&A(
Gd 3A/_5 \n @ !( 3,
@S u % AT U74 @ ` cT K CMSN I
A Eo
U6 .#c 6<x ª z :7EFuK5I G
( !(
@T ª z T a>N& j^ %&/ .c
PK6I/ 3x 4 T * &8 3,
@S %2 ` cT G U6
(1) G .conac « Les processus de démocratisation en Afrique » in G .conac (sous la dir.de).L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.
(2)G .conac .ibid. 31 .
(3) En ce sens .Abdelfatah Amor, « L’émergence démocratique dans les pays du Tiers Monde :le cas des Etats africaines »,in L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.spéc.p.53.
(4) Ph. Decraene. » « Dictionnaire constitutionnel». P.U.F.Paris.1992. Verbo : Afrique noire. P.17.
.Y+
? 1992 '
D 24 ا
ت$] )D اC='
ر" ا+ ا/ ^+ 1992 E' ا18 $] xM* اne 199120 د"رEz( د5)
7) خ5ا
ت ا،
Dوا
ت ا، ?ر3 اC=( و
ب ر199125) ]
0
" و ا%اب اne<
xX
' ا+ ا<واU+ //ر ا/y / (6)
B < اC3
x
'"مAآ' أP
أنDD
( آ1992 '='اM]18) Y+
? ?ر3 اC=أ ر/، "ري/ اC3ا، U
'M اU]'q' ا%X ( و1991 'أآ
.158و157 و153 و152 و604 و601 و600 و466 و482 : F ر$ ااB "'ة ا/'3( ا1992 '='اM] 16) $+2"uا
42
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MT
T u / E2 3%X u &5 *v&8 3#X GD^ N 9 %&/ ) 4
u U%
4 m
M>A*u %&/ *&
/A? 8 9(K1I % ^* =&E/ z (6 36A( E
P E¾ T / =6 =n5
DE !( ¥>7T u &v5 36A5 U6 F
T&(u N4 %2 ` c K199130u763:c ¬
G
0I199120%&/
>4 >uK1978-1961I^ tjh p<u =/l
9DE \( - ! u p
A 9DE \( u6L
GoF @ _T u E 5 N G% T => !( ! u pT =2
U
6@ 7 ,=
P =&%5 p%&/ %N& {&A(
%&/Ia*A p%0
%&/ ` E-&5 ) - 8 ? -ua |u \4 `
P>4&5
A DL Tb
F z %&/ al W & | K1961(20%&/1959%(22
K2I
%&/ Fu {
c @ !(K3I ¼ p
7 3> N&(
» !u OE )
R*(u @ !(
P #> 7 p%&/ ~%& %NT ` NE( k $c 8 n199120
V ` &T z199120
%&/ * z V/L /% | >T G0 %&/ U6
`u WZ
pu d =TA/_5 9DE | - !u
| 2
)6( 9#/S k4
P E( =^&/ p =TA/_5 9DE \( %( = $ 9D ! uE
-4E&( @
( < 9D - I
| 2
5 (#/S ) =/A
!( %Tu 199120 %&/ {
KtI 9DE
6D5 G&(
MTT KI %75 ` @b8 U6 !(
(1 )Voir notamment A.S.Ould Bouboutt. «Du bon usage des articles 102 et 103 » de la constitution du 20juillet 1991.journal Mauritanie demain .20-26
novembre1991 ;Lô Gourmo Abdoul, «La démocratie à pile ou face….et à portée de mains ». Journal L’Eveil-hebdo.20janvier 1992 ; A.S. Ould Bouboutt. « Le
processus de démocratique est valable ! Réponse à Lô Gourmo Abdoul » Mauritanie demain .29Janvier – 4février1992 : Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamed Saleh.
« Le processus de démocratique en Mauritanie : un essai d’évaluation non partisan ». Journal Al bayan n° 16,1er 7 Avril 1992.pour un commentaire (très) antique de la
constitution du 20juillet 1991.Abdellahi Ould Kebd « La constitution du 20juillet 1991 (i et ii), journal Al bayane, n° 12et13mars1992.
(2 ) Sur ces constitutions. Voir le fascicule que nous avons consacré à la Mauritanie dans le volume III de Constitutione Africae. Publié sous la direction de
F.Reytjens.Ed. Bruylant et Pédone. Bruxelles et Paris.1990 ; voir également notre article « L’évolution des institutions de la République islamique de
Mauritanie »Revue d’études du Monde musulman et méditerranéen (REMMM) n° 54- 1989 /4 .P.5et s.
.1991 20
د"رM د$] q '+< اx ( 3)
43
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%&/ Q5 %75 -
P| 2
)4 ) !( 9#/S )4 >T .E& EFu %&/ ` \>&5 9DE \(
9#/S )4 - K1
> ( < 199120 %&/ w ` 9#/S &y z (} 5* @& 8 EE 8 > E(
%( ¥n µ *
Q * *&( )^
!r
´ )A* K A>I % ` Z ^E !(
% k (* \n * %&/ Fu j(
` 5 M0 6 | p%&/ wE*
P 9#/S
ZT L G
=Fu
! T
F
` Gbj( %7( &8 ° %&/ @> =F - 1
u =(#/S !* A ! ! ` ¼
= ´ » =&%5 MZ .T
$* 9#/Y Gj&( ( =NT z G
wcL* ¼ ) A( » M * *
G
&F
P ^ %75 *
=F =(#/S ! /L 7^ w7c %&/
²( D^#( d !( ¥>7u m
D U6 `
MZ ! 6 9#/S ¼ &@ 2
u jo&T 8u (#/ % » * &%( m
L G5
K5G5I
!( G
F %
P {jQ( < E :; .68 * m-u y
7 3@
5 U6 .#c !(
`u 9( RE25 GA( {&A( 3%DX 6T E ! &T 8 z L G5
%&/ !( G
G5 ` :7E5 //L 1h Xl8 `
DT 8u &5
^ F uU8 V
P> ( E t>/L %0 Vl% )A4 ! .bE&
Z
u
V '
u =TA/_5 {&A5 9#/S G | u p5 {&A5 (#/S @
5 U6 & -2
I MA^ 9#/S E cL 6 oA K54 G5I %0 Vl
%Z&/8 O} =(#/S L
P&* E ) / ´ $ ´ ./%
6 K40I E/ R*% ! U
8 BZ K23 G5
E 8 =-T z 3,
@S *
$E W & !( t
! 4
@ !( -3
; |&T z GcL U6 K16 G5I G
/L r
15 G5 §%S a^ n .5 >/ d
) %&c | T ª 9#/S j(% ¬% &^ @> !( G
=(#/S \&o //L
44
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(¤ //L jl
{^ 6 ,cY 4 =N % %&c | K8G5I .#6 )/% y
-c
K9 G5I (#/S
6%7( %&/ 5 !( 4*
c&5 \*N 3<
$E U6 m-E
P | 2
| 2
>( - K2
( ,N \( ¼ &@ » 3%>&8 &5 | 2
%7( 199120 %&/ y
P &% $; 3%>&Y
4u GA 9( u(u | 2
\>NT z //L
$E %&/ ` ° -1
@> &E-T ( >E& C %2S 6 ` C M
FL 3
^ 1^ $7c u 3N A 7F 48
P G/ wE !( %&/
! /% p MZ ( E2 GAu N /
%7( 6 MZ » K 2 G5I k7
%&/ !( G & G 6 p u wE 6 | ¼ KPPPI ,&&/8 N/* R>v&E5 a
2
KSieyèsI V/ KRousseauI/% %F R* ( >
N c ° 1958
*&
4 ~%&* %7 =A
U6 T G
>5 > 2
V
T =6 K E2 GA
D >Z GA
DI
p
/ A&( 6 KPPPI
>(
>( 48 » G5 ` :7E5 T 3,
@S
P¼ KPPPI
<u %0 2( !(
!/ * !(
>c |&u
wE kE6 8 u @
^
$ wE !( )
*u 3N A 7F {&A( (
A/( l-
Z& E& N A /# # 3N A a4 j& |u p%&/
K1IP E* F 34#
`
3
h 1X )T !( u
G%7* - ¥-&Tu 5 2
G
=5 #S ` 6 % 2
> » A& @> ^ G%S M %2S 6
(1 )Cf. Infra II.
45
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~%&* %7 tZ
AS 1h =
FS 151948|10 ~%&* %7 AS 1h
P¼ 198128
>5 1X »
L - a
2 !u@> MA^ l //L 1h* B>T%8 6 jjT ª 4
*E 3
h /A 3
hu 5 a^ AY //L 1h 3
hu GA5 a^¼ 2
½PPP
` FuK1I A
F $7c {
c . ` bo&( ¥>$ @>
.^
.0
<
!( {
cL E R* % .j 8 < * F )Ah )& L %h !( E* A5 \( (& M &%(
l - T4 M>A* l@ < !
1h @
(
& K2I > m
2
U RE25 ¼ 7X& >@ » !( a c ` )6AT z * &/8 ! 8 z K3I%2 FP%|( > V@& !( E 6 Fu %&/ ` < bP ( 3N A
E |& *A &%5 T/ V* P T< ^ ` k4 V ` |& p B&^8
, 9(K1G5I 9( GA5 >( >T
EE C C
1h {&A(
hu&
^ p
^u 30 ,Z 3
^I
( 3
h K20 G5I >
-
PK10G5I K½PPP*E
G%o&
^ K15 G5I 5 a^K14G5It
nS a^ K12G5I ( Wl 95 T a^
- 21T5I 2 t « ¹E@
* \&& z 3- A K10 G5I E7
PK22
=F K91 G5I l- N A m
2 !( ? =Fu 3,
@S !( *
3
h kD^
EA( wvZ (
^ n K10 G5I E& a^ FE$
G&5 } ` /
( @T
pE5 WE . !(
»)
| G@ |&T A( AS 9^ K13 G5I T#/
(
K91 G5I .&8 )
AE PPP3* )l
0 9( GA5 K4I ¼ =>
(1) Décision du Conseil constitutionnel français :Cons .cost. .16 juillet1971 .Liberté d’association .Rec.29 .
(3 )La formule est du professeur P.weil
'فs U+
V/e ة/' اX
"/ اU+ $
"ر ار/'ب اX $وه، 1989 '='اM] 23 ,ا='ي ا
در
رn3"ر ا/ اU+ 33 ا
دةU+
]'e ذةz[+ q اP(ه4 )
. '5دول أور
ا
Voir par exemple. Constitution roumaine du «3 décembre1991.art.22.constitution bulgare du 12 juillet 1991.art.29 (cf. Publications du Centre de recherche de droit
constitutionnel. De l’Université de Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. Ronéo).Faut –il y voir une référence indirect à des événements précis en Mauritanie ?.
46
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^ | *jh &
T z 11 G5 3,
@ E $c 7* W4& M NE U6 `
2
>5 9^ B
u
2Z % /A tj^L &T » /A tj^L !T
¼ KPPPPI
p%&/ T p ? ! 8 &%5 2
p& \*N G%S M
!( >(u 11 G5
4u1992 201615u DCJ001 )4% p%&/ V ' %
4 =F K99 G5I
P /A tj^L Gbu 9 a>N& 3< & >(
DET ª K ^
$ %&/ wE zI FX7
^
/A tj^L 9D oA
6%$ ª ! K432466 =& ¬
G
0I199125 ~%&* %7 =
(L |
2Z % K*j^ 15 jTI /A tj^L !( @T %&/ !( 102G5 ,E*
PK1I KG
@20 *
( I 3%$S !(
F& < X ( %NT G
h FX7 m
T
\( k%4( < 4S 3' G%
^ >( !-&T 98 G5 F ^ U6 9 @ !( cL `
14P T
F F 57 G5 {XF
&( >( jT% 1991 20 %&/ F 2
5 | G%Nc !( %y
- 2
| )65 R* ( j( #Z ! 19811948 EA AS 1h =5 #S 3@
(
» - W/ ! 8 ( - T kE %&/ @>
P
8 )6( *
Q
2
KPPPI % » &%( wET L G5 ¥n Z* ¼ &@8 7&48 1h
8
h » *
p >5 kn z 10 G5 !( G
k7 U8 V ` P ¼ &@
!25 AS 1^ # !( 4 G5 E&/
h !( h ( >E& \( ¼ * 8 T
I t
nS a^ `
h !( h >( ^
NT 1514 T5 Fu 9 \*N p< >5 6 Gb 1789
E& 3> N&( =-&T ( EI 5 ` ah !( h K(¤ h ( aF
5 i75 `
PK< &@8 7&48
:
D
+ 'p ا+
]'ةPz< 'ة0
] ا0
" و ا%اب اne<ل اe D0+ و+
N " درا/
X
D )%e (1 )
« La relance du processus démocratique». in G .conac (sous la dir.de).L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.348-351.
47
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V ' \n | En UA ª 6A5 >( R^ ` >
- , 9( GA5 20G5 wET
K1I PG
( .L T/ k p K95 G5 I =&@8 p7&48
S \*N wcL*u =&%5 \4 !( a>ET z 3,
@S * 1
N& M u E ` - 3
AS 1h =
FS
15 @> ^ F %2S 6 ` K4%FL j - t
I &5
P{jQ( 3< |&T tZ
G^ DE5 3(h . ,/£%
_( ` =*E* 1981 28 ~%&* =
FS 15 %
4 ª
14I k4$ K1982
E 25I 45 L
FS . R* !( &%( k
KOUA I
FS
96 p@ tQ( !( a>E(
7 * j& p tZ AS 1^ # K1986
PtZ AS 1h =
FS V ' |u n 9j( \-T EF
< $7cu AS 1h
=&%5 ,&8 199120 %&/ @> 3
U* =&%5 MZ a T U
&*K2I
V ` K1989
l|F17I =*
t
Q5 8 GZE5 G65 GcL U6 9- * $7cu=
FS
=6 ¼
F *
A( » &%( *u ? `
T 3
< @> !( *
G
=FP U8
PPP
FS *
(L > =*
t
Q5 G^ a @ !( =A (j (
¼ VE0 » / >5 j& >E p %&/ !( L G5 | @& 6 jjT ª
8 T \4* %>&8 c ¼ E2 G^* » V /A tj^L \E z11 G5
K3I P¼ E2 A5* » p%&/ ¥ T 6
EA %8> *
=6 E2 3Q » 6G5 wE* 3Q {&A( } &(
wE
z ¬% Q
A
Q ^S =&x * ¼ *
Q =6 ¬
Q u
3Q E6 >E& M K¬% Q
I *
Q ^S >T =
P196120 %&/
K4I PG
( .L T/ k E2
24 , ا
در
ر64 ـ064 Fر
) ا
ن ر+ $] 'ة+
ؤ <ول5 إFX، $
ا
دي واC3];ن ا، 1961 و1959 د"ري$] 'را+ U F (1 )
ل صe 'p ?
; *
ء وd+ ?
ز3 x '+<
ر أن اM u اU
Pz
إذا أyz،
*D+ 'ا+ أ1991 D" YX'"' دMX
( آ115,ص.ر. )ج1964 E'ا
.'5X
(2) Maurice Glélé Ahanhanzo. « La Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ».in J .du Bois de Gaudusson et G .conac (sous la dir.de). « La justice
en Afrique » .Afrique contemporaine n° 156(spécial) . La Documentation française. Paris.1990.p.207 -216.
(3) Sur cette question .cf. les références citée supra. note 4.2e §.
أول4 و$] "
ر/]1961
+ 20
د"ر+أ
« " » رq %'T « وأن اDs » وq 'ا
أنB 1959
رس+22 د"رU+ V
V ا
دة ا4( 4 )
%'T اq
) اB ر" إq ا' آq اdA (106،ص،ر،ج،1968
رس+ 4 , ا
در
ر68 ـ065F"ري ر/ )ا
ن اY/X EM
3X اCT $]
:'pر
ا+ $] q اwل اeو.
48
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> 4 9^ G%
n &%5 !( >E5 T 3,
@S U6 !( t
!
¼ \0 \- » G%
-*
p 4 G5 ` U° ¼ !25* &5 5 » U6u 2
P¼ [ ^L % 8 » * p%&/ w ` 4&(
N*
cq 6
p 17G5
E25 !2 M^ - ,8 VAo& >4T R& 1917T5 cL `
3%
- !( $c G%7* a>ET 8 u U8 V ` cT > K>
v& jE ,QI
=/( * %7h $7c .QEA \( §^L * 3N A m
2 !( G
* T% k zu E(L
K1I P ± ; t
^ * #> &F
p
9DE
Z5 @ Kt
P 7E( G%7* l G%S ku 2
) 9#/S
%&/ w ` !%75 R* )^#& ª P&% N A =/( m
2 !( u :
r% k ¥X$
9#/S R* ( aF& - // oT/ * t>/L - @ ! ]X>
Z5 % 1991
P 2
p% %&c K1
&%5%&/ :7E
` &* ^ |& 199120 %&/ !( "n* a>E5 %&c8 6
P*A
%&c !( >E5 | 2
>( (#/S ) 1991 %&/ !( ^ ` G - 1
A =&%5
MZ #*u @> !( G
` E 5 =&%5
Z5 m
2 !( ! (
»MZ 6 :
^
& T z G
` 6
T ª KPPPI 2
> 9#/S*
9,#& u ^ %75 u=(#/S ! 9^ 9yu )oAE( =&@ E &* m
D a c
P¼ ]h 3> N&(
¸ ¼ 2
KPPPI (#/ % »* &%( m
T & %&/ !( L G5 < b
.cf.dans le présent ouvrage contribution de Mme C.Tain-cheikh. « La situation linguistique ».
ف/
هDآ، ل2" اU+ ~ 'نQ نA6 $] " 7 ،ص،1992 '
D 24 ا
ت$] ^
* ا/e ا/" /
و و+ |N' $
ا+
'M
ل اV اEM" B 'p( ا1 )
." دي/X ازنX B $DM+ ^3+
DT و أو/ ا"'ار
آn آ?
زBzX T+
ت/0X
49
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6
R&@
5 !( >E( Gj@ R* ( u =TA/_5 9DE c «& u U8 V ` oA EE
9#/S R* (
Z5 @
5 F ( G%7* p%&/ V ' =(#/S p%Z&/8 L V ' .^
K1I Ph &%5 G 9j ` &* A( > 2
¸ j(
. !( !( (#/ |& p u
N 9 u 2
! #S 6
G ^ ` "n* p%&/ w F wE z L G
5
T * T ! - 2
A &@> ` w 4u1959%(22 ~%&* %7 p%0 %&/ F > EFu ) V
¼ 2
>( AS 1^ UT E* » =&%5 MZ
4 3@
( | 2G5 ¼ 9#/S 6 MZ ! » E G* G
6'* U
T ª p #S <
%&/ `
>
T 3 Z U6 3c 4 15G5 ,%b
5 )A (u
P¼ & » @
( ^S !( w v& * 6^ kX>$ @
5 * ^ 1
\(1961(20
p
A 9DE %2 ` 6& ª z &5 &A %&/ a5 * oA )5 !( >
/% a &T 3,
@S U6 k
< 1961( 20 %&/ kQ G#Fu 7 * .j !T
\n %D& ` k4_5 *2 kE zu 9#/S* &5 T k
Tu E&
Z& R&N A
z P197810 ~%&* G%7 %&/ ,E&/* k^ z 2
3A/_5
K2IP¼
= ´ » 3%
:7E &@> ` !n ]^ X ( (T ) p cL 1985
l|F9 1( `u < >4 3&
²( !-T
¼ (#/S
Z 6 ^ %75 MZ ! 6 9#/S » &
P12G5 a >T
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ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ :
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﻛﺪﺍﻙ :ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ :ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺧﺮﻃﺔ :ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﺪﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻛﻮﻟﻔﺮﱐ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺂﻛﺎﺩﻳﺮ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﻃﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻮﺭ.
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﱯ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺄﻛﺎﺩﻳﺮ.
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻃﻪ :
ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ
www.majalah.new.ma
www.majalah-droit.ici.st
1
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ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
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ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ.
ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ )ﻣﺎﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ 1200ﻛﻠﻤﺔ(
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ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ.
•
ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ sldg55@gmail.com
•
ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ
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(2 )Sur ce point : A.S.Ould Bouboutt, « La Mauritanie en quête de démocratie » suivi de « la relance du processus démocratique »in G .conac (sous la
dir.de).L’Afrique en question ….op. cit.
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راد3X اDs[ ا%ت اPz أ/( وFLAM)
ر+ $] '' ا<]
ر0X ?M
ء5^ إ+ 1986 PD+
( وe 'pي)اq أ"
سB
1989و1987 اث/e أEz/X 'z< اv0ا اP ه$T]،
و ار/ اEz]'( داu ا3n اDQu اU+رM
?و ا،'ل اy<
ن ذوو اpM ) و
<"
س اUDQ
:'pر
ا+ $]
« Ds اAل » اe، 3 اEz دا1990D% /
اث ا'ا/e<
اyz
ار
وqD%اث ا/e اد/+
آ
Philippe Marchesin. « Tribus, ethnies et pouvoir en Mauritanie ». Karthala. Paris.1992.437P..et références citées :voir surtout (en langue italienne) :di Gian Paolo
Chiari .Conflitti etniei e integrazione politica in Mauritania.Africa.Roma.Anno XLV n°4.dicembre 1990.p.527-554.
(5 )A.S.Ould Bouboutt, « La Mauritanie en quête de démocratie », art. Précité. P.345-346.
41
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2
( l#5 m
D {
c >*
&% n U6 ko& 4 (Bretton Woods)
PK1I< ! ZET z )DE& 9 !( u ( G
6D \(u =/A 9DE
P ^# 3A/_5 \n* N>T
5 T 8 %&/ %
4 m
` u E6 /A ! E
<&/8 A (
%2 ` u 475 U- ª
%&/ oE/uL NE {&A( F
z P2
_ Mc7 aF& ! *K2I ¼ 2
( /l
oT/S » (G.Conac)+
P
P 4 k
&%5 n%5 m
2 ^ MN( R* !( k
{ =2
%A5 * E < $7cu %&/ %$ >4K3I 9 E
* 5 F
D U6 >T
8 E ¸ %&/ )X < = F u %o Vl
p
A 9DE a*A Vl
u tv&
!( 2 G5 9
^ MZ =(# ¥ p_ ! {
W2& ,% F u < &
P 2
1
2 K
F ` I 2
p_T z 1
N * » M .Philippe decrame \( m M
K4I P¼ >Z&( G&(
T/F K.5 >/ j u&I E2 3
_5 * 1c * wcL* U
T ! ( 6
p =>N& {&A5 $7c up
60 = $L 6&? ,E* 8 &
? M 8
FS
PF
&/
.x >@ & %&/ (D TZ 4103 102 T5 G%S M NE {&A(
Gd 3A/_5 \n @ !( 3,
@S u % AT U74 @ ` cT K CMSN I
A Eo
U6 .#c 6<x ª z :7EFuK5I G
( !(
@T ª z T a>N& j^ %&/ .c
PK6I/ 3x 4 T * &8 3,
@S %2 ` cT G U6
(1) G .conac « Les processus de démocratisation en Afrique » in G .conac (sous la dir.de).L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.
(2)G .conac .ibid. 31 .
(3) En ce sens .Abdelfatah Amor, « L’émergence démocratique dans les pays du Tiers Monde :le cas des Etats africaines »,in L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.spéc.p.53.
(4) Ph. Decraene. » « Dictionnaire constitutionnel». P.U.F.Paris.1992. Verbo : Afrique noire. P.17.
.Y+
? 1992 '
D 24 ا
ت$] )D اC='
ر" ا+ ا/ ^+ 1992 E' ا18 $] xM* اne 199120 د"رEz( د5)
7) خ5ا
ت ا،
Dوا
ت ا، ?ر3 اC=( و
ب ر199125) ]
0
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xX
' ا+ ا<واU+ //ر ا/y / (6)
B < اC3
x
'"مAآ' أP
أنDD
( آ1992 '='اM]18) Y+
? ?ر3 اC=أ ر/، "ري/ اC3ا، U
'M اU]'q' ا%X ( و1991 'أآ
.158و157 و153 و152 و604 و601 و600 و466 و482 : F ر$ ااB "'ة ا/'3( ا1992 '='اM] 16) $+2"uا
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MT
T u / E2 3%X u &5 *v&8 3#X GD^ N 9 %&/ ) 4
u U%
4 m
M>A*u %&/ *&
/A? 8 9(K1I % ^* =&E/ z (6 36A( E
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T&(u N4 %2 ` c K199130u763:c ¬
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A 9DE \( u6L
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U
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P>4&5
A DL Tb
F z %&/ al W & | K1961(20%&/1959%(22
K2I
%&/ Fu {
c @ !(K3I ¼ p
7 3> N&(
» !u OE )
R*(u @ !(
P #> 7 p%&/ ~%& %NT ` NE( k $c 8 n199120
V ` &T z199120
%&/ * z V/L /% | >T G0 %&/ U6
`u WZ
pu d =TA/_5 9DE | - !u
| 2
)6( 9#/S k4
P E( =^&/ p =TA/_5 9DE \( %( = $ 9D ! uE
-4E&( @
( < 9D - I
| 2
5 (#/S ) =/A
!( %Tu 199120 %&/ {
KtI 9DE
6D5 G&(
MTT KI %75 ` @b8 U6 !(
(1 )Voir notamment A.S.Ould Bouboutt. «Du bon usage des articles 102 et 103 » de la constitution du 20juillet 1991.journal Mauritanie demain .20-26
novembre1991 ;Lô Gourmo Abdoul, «La démocratie à pile ou face….et à portée de mains ». Journal L’Eveil-hebdo.20janvier 1992 ; A.S. Ould Bouboutt. « Le
processus de démocratique est valable ! Réponse à Lô Gourmo Abdoul » Mauritanie demain .29Janvier – 4février1992 : Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamed Saleh.
« Le processus de démocratique en Mauritanie : un essai d’évaluation non partisan ». Journal Al bayan n° 16,1er 7 Avril 1992.pour un commentaire (très) antique de la
constitution du 20juillet 1991.Abdellahi Ould Kebd « La constitution du 20juillet 1991 (i et ii), journal Al bayane, n° 12et13mars1992.
(2 ) Sur ces constitutions. Voir le fascicule que nous avons consacré à la Mauritanie dans le volume III de Constitutione Africae. Publié sous la direction de
F.Reytjens.Ed. Bruylant et Pédone. Bruxelles et Paris.1990 ; voir également notre article « L’évolution des institutions de la République islamique de
Mauritanie »Revue d’études du Monde musulman et méditerranéen (REMMM) n° 54- 1989 /4 .P.5et s.
.1991 20
د"رM د$] q '+< اx ( 3)
43
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%&/ Q5 %75 -
P| 2
)4 ) !( 9#/S )4 >T .E& EFu %&/ ` \>&5 9DE \(
9#/S )4 - K1
> ( < 199120 %&/ w ` 9#/S &y z (} 5* @& 8 EE 8 > E(
%( ¥n µ *
Q * *&( )^
!r
´ )A* K A>I % ` Z ^E !(
% k (* \n * %&/ Fu j(
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P 9#/S
ZT L G
=Fu
! T
F
` Gbj( %7( &8 ° %&/ @> =F - 1
u =(#/S !* A ! ! ` ¼
= ´ » =&%5 MZ .T
$* 9#/Y Gj&( ( =NT z G
wcL* ¼ ) A( » M * *
G
&F
P ^ %75 *
=F =(#/S ! /L 7^ w7c %&/
²( D^#( d !( ¥>7u m
D U6 `
MZ ! 6 9#/S ¼ &@ 2
u jo&T 8u (#/ % » * &%( m
L G5
K5G5I
!( G
F %
P {jQ( < E :; .68 * m-u y
7 3@
5 U6 .#c !(
`u 9( RE25 GA( {&A( 3%DX 6T E ! &T 8 z L G5
%&/ !( G
G5 ` :7E5 //L 1h Xl8 `
DT 8u &5
^ F uU8 V
P> ( E t>/L %0 Vl% )A4 ! .bE&
Z
u
V '
u =TA/_5 {&A5 9#/S G | u p5 {&A5 (#/S @
5 U6 & -2
I MA^ 9#/S E cL 6 oA K54 G5I %0 Vl
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P&* E ) / ´ $ ´ ./%
6 K40I E/ R*% ! U
8 BZ K23 G5
E 8 =-T z 3,
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! 4
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; |&T z GcL U6 K16 G5I G
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15 G5 §%S a^ n .5 >/ d
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44
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(¤ //L jl
{^ 6 ,cY 4 =N % %&c | K8G5I .#6 )/% y
-c
K9 G5I (#/S
6%7( %&/ 5 !( 4*
c&5 \*N 3<
$E U6 m-E
P | 2
| 2
>( - K2
( ,N \( ¼ &@ » 3%>&8 &5 | 2
%7( 199120 %&/ y
P &% $; 3%>&Y
4u GA 9( u(u | 2
\>NT z //L
$E %&/ ` ° -1
@> &E-T ( >E& C %2S 6 ` C M
FL 3
^ 1^ $7c u 3N A 7F 48
P G/ wE !( %&/
! /% p MZ ( E2 GAu N /
%7( 6 MZ » K 2 G5I k7
%&/ !( G & G 6 p u wE 6 | ¼ KPPPI ,&&/8 N/* R>v&E5 a
2
KSieyèsI V/ KRousseauI/% %F R* ( >
N c ° 1958
*&
4 ~%&* %7 =A
U6 T G
>5 > 2
V
T =6 K E2 GA
D >Z GA
DI
p
/ A&( 6 KPPPI
>(
>( 48 » G5 ` :7E5 T 3,
@S
P¼ KPPPI
<u %0 2( !(
!/ * !(
>c |&u
wE kE6 8 u @
^
$ wE !( )
*u 3N A 7F {&A( (
A/( l-
Z& E& N A /# # 3N A a4 j& |u p%&/
K1IP E* F 34#
`
3
h 1X )T !( u
G%7* - ¥-&Tu 5 2
G
=5 #S ` 6 % 2
> » A& @> ^ G%S M %2S 6
(1 )Cf. Infra II.
45
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~%&* %7 tZ
AS 1h =
FS 151948|10 ~%&* %7 AS 1h
P¼ 198128
>5 1X »
L - a
2 !u@> MA^ l //L 1h* B>T%8 6 jjT ª 4
*E 3
h /A 3
hu 5 a^ AY //L 1h 3
hu GA5 a^¼ 2
½PPP
` FuK1I A
F $7c {
c . ` bo&( ¥>$ @>
.^
.0
<
!( {
cL E R* % .j 8 < * F )Ah )& L %h !( E* A5 \( (& M &%(
l - T4 M>A* l@ < !
1h @
(
& K2I > m
2
U RE25 ¼ 7X& >@ » !( a c ` )6AT z * &/8 ! 8 z K3I%2 FP%|( > V@& !( E 6 Fu %&/ ` < bP ( 3N A
E |& *A &%5 T/ V* P T< ^ ` k4 V ` |& p B&^8
, 9(K1G5I 9( GA5 >( >T
EE C C
1h {&A(
hu&
^ p
^u 30 ,Z 3
^I
( 3
h K20 G5I >
-
PK10G5I K½PPP*E
G%o&
^ K15 G5I 5 a^K14G5It
nS a^ K12G5I ( Wl 95 T a^
- 21T5I 2 t « ¹E@
* \&& z 3- A K10 G5I E7
PK22
=F K91 G5I l- N A m
2 !( ? =Fu 3,
@S !( *
3
h kD^
EA( wvZ (
^ n K10 G5I E& a^ FE$
G&5 } ` /
( @T
pE5 WE . !(
»)
| G@ |&T A( AS 9^ K13 G5I T#/
(
K91 G5I .&8 )
AE PPP3* )l
0 9( GA5 K4I ¼ =>
(1) Décision du Conseil constitutionnel français :Cons .cost. .16 juillet1971 .Liberté d’association .Rec.29 .
(3 )La formule est du professeur P.weil
'فs U+
V/e ة/' اX
"/ اU+ $
"ر ار/'ب اX $وه، 1989 '='اM] 23 ,ا='ي ا
در
رn3"ر ا/ اU+ 33 ا
دةU+
]'e ذةz[+ q اP(ه4 )
. '5دول أور
ا
Voir par exemple. Constitution roumaine du «3 décembre1991.art.22.constitution bulgare du 12 juillet 1991.art.29 (cf. Publications du Centre de recherche de droit
constitutionnel. De l’Université de Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. Ronéo).Faut –il y voir une référence indirect à des événements précis en Mauritanie ?.
46
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^ | *jh &
T z 11 G5 3,
@ E $c 7* W4& M NE U6 `
2
>5 9^ B
u
2Z % /A tj^L &T » /A tj^L !T
¼ KPPPPI
p%&/ T p ? ! 8 &%5 2
p& \*N G%S M
!( >(u 11 G5
4u1992 201615u DCJ001 )4% p%&/ V ' %
4 =F K99 G5I
P /A tj^L Gbu 9 a>N& 3< & >(
DET ª K ^
$ %&/ wE zI FX7
^
/A tj^L 9D oA
6%$ ª ! K432466 =& ¬
G
0I199125 ~%&* %7 =
(L |
2Z % K*j^ 15 jTI /A tj^L !( @T %&/ !( 102G5 ,E*
PK1I KG
@20 *
( I 3%$S !(
F& < X ( %NT G
h FX7 m
T
\( k%4( < 4S 3' G%
^ >( !-&T 98 G5 F ^ U6 9 @ !( cL `
14P T
F F 57 G5 {XF
&( >( jT% 1991 20 %&/ F 2
5 | G%Nc !( %y
- 2
| )65 R* ( j( #Z ! 19811948 EA AS 1h =5 #S 3@
(
» - W/ ! 8 ( - T kE %&/ @>
P
8 )6( *
Q
2
KPPPI % » &%( wET L G5 ¥n Z* ¼ &@8 7&48 1h
8
h » *
p >5 kn z 10 G5 !( G
k7 U8 V ` P ¼ &@
!25 AS 1^ # !( 4 G5 E&/
h !( h ( >E& \( ¼ * 8 T
I t
nS a^ `
h !( h >( ^
NT 1514 T5 Fu 9 \*N p< >5 6 Gb 1789
E& 3> N&( =-&T ( EI 5 ` ah !( h K(¤ h ( aF
5 i75 `
PK< &@8 7&48
:
D
+ 'p ا+
]'ةPz< 'ة0
] ا0
" و ا%اب اne<ل اe D0+ و+
N " درا/
X
D )%e (1 )
« La relance du processus démocratique». in G .conac (sous la dir.de).L’Afrique en transition… op.cit.348-351.
47
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V ' \n | En UA ª 6A5 >( R^ ` >
- , 9( GA5 20G5 wET
K1I PG
( .L T/ k p K95 G5 I =&@8 p7&48
S \*N wcL*u =&%5 \4 !( a>ET z 3,
@S * 1
N& M u E ` - 3
AS 1h =
FS
15 @> ^ F %2S 6 ` K4%FL j - t
I &5
P{jQ( 3< |&T tZ
G^ DE5 3(h . ,/£%
_( ` =*E* 1981 28 ~%&* =
FS 15 %
4 ª
14I k4$ K1982
E 25I 45 L
FS . R* !( &%( k
KOUA I
FS
96 p@ tQ( !( a>E(
7 * j& p tZ AS 1^ # K1986
PtZ AS 1h =
FS V ' |u n 9j( \-T EF
< $7cu AS 1h
=&%5 ,&8 199120 %&/ @> 3
U* =&%5 MZ a T U
&*K2I
V ` K1989
l|F17I =*
t
Q5 8 GZE5 G65 GcL U6 9- * $7cu=
FS
=6 ¼
F *
A( » &%( *u ? `
T 3
< @> !( *
G
=FP U8
PPP
FS *
(L > =*
t
Q5 G^ a @ !( =A (j (
¼ VE0 » / >5 j& >E p %&/ !( L G5 | @& 6 jjT ª
8 T \4* %>&8 c ¼ E2 G^* » V /A tj^L \E z11 G5
K3I P¼ E2 A5* » p%&/ ¥ T 6
EA %8> *
=6 E2 3Q » 6G5 wE* 3Q {&A( } &(
wE
z ¬% Q
A
Q ^S =&x * ¼ *
Q =6 ¬
Q u
3Q E6 >E& M K¬% Q
I *
Q ^S >T =
P196120 %&/
K4I PG
( .L T/ k E2
24 , ا
در
ر64 ـ064 Fر
) ا
ن ر+ $] 'ة+
ؤ <ول5 إFX، $
ا
دي واC3];ن ا، 1961 و1959 د"ري$] 'را+ U F (1 )
ل صe 'p ?
; *
ء وd+ ?
ز3 x '+<
ر أن اM u اU
Pz
إذا أyz،
*D+ 'ا+ أ1991 D" YX'"' دMX
( آ115,ص.ر. )ج1964 E'ا
.'5X
(2) Maurice Glélé Ahanhanzo. « La Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ».in J .du Bois de Gaudusson et G .conac (sous la dir.de). « La justice
en Afrique » .Afrique contemporaine n° 156(spécial) . La Documentation française. Paris.1990.p.207 -216.
(3) Sur cette question .cf. les références citée supra. note 4.2e §.
أول4 و$] "
ر/]1961
+ 20
د"ر+أ
« " » رq %'T « وأن اDs » وq 'ا
أنB 1959
رس+22 د"رU+ V
V ا
دة ا4( 4 )
%'T اq
) اB ر" إq ا' آq اdA (106،ص،ر،ج،1968
رس+ 4 , ا
در
ر68 ـ065F"ري ر/ )ا
ن اY/X EM
3X اCT $]
:'pر
ا+ $] q اwل اeو.
48
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> 4 9^ G%
n &%5 !( >E5 T 3,
@S U6 !( t
!
¼ \0 \- » G%
-*
p 4 G5 ` U° ¼ !25* &5 5 » U6u 2
P¼ [ ^L % 8 » * p%&/ w ` 4&(
N*
cq 6
p 17G5
E25 !2 M^ - ,8 VAo& >4T R& 1917T5 cL `
3%
- !( $c G%7* a>ET 8 u U8 V ` cT > K>
v& jE ,QI
=/( * %7h $7c .QEA \( §^L * 3N A m
2 !( G
* T% k zu E(L
K1I P ± ; t
^ * #> &F
p
9DE
Z5 @ Kt
P 7E( G%7* l G%S ku 2
) 9#/S
%&/ w ` !%75 R* )^#& ª P&% N A =/( m
2 !( u :
r% k ¥X$
9#/S R* ( aF& - // oT/ * t>/L - @ ! ]X>
Z5 % 1991
P 2
p% %&c K1
&%5%&/ :7E
` &* ^ |& 199120 %&/ !( "n* a>E5 %&c8 6
P*A
%&c !( >E5 | 2
>( (#/S ) 1991 %&/ !( ^ ` G - 1
A =&%5
MZ #*u @> !( G
` E 5 =&%5
Z5 m
2 !( ! (
»MZ 6 :
^
& T z G
` 6
T ª KPPPI 2
> 9#/S*
9,#& u ^ %75 u=(#/S ! 9^ 9yu )oAE( =&@ E &* m
D a c
P¼ ]h 3> N&(
¸ ¼ 2
KPPPI (#/ % »* &%( m
T & %&/ !( L G5 < b
.cf.dans le présent ouvrage contribution de Mme C.Tain-cheikh. « La situation linguistique ».
ف/
هDآ، ل2" اU+ ~ 'نQ نA6 $] " 7 ،ص،1992 '
D 24 ا
ت$] ^
* ا/e ا/" /
و و+ |N' $
ا+
'M
ل اV اEM" B 'p( ا1 )
." دي/X ازنX B $DM+ ^3+
DT و أو/ ا"'ار
آn آ?
زBzX T+
ت/0X
49
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6
R&@
5 !( >E( Gj@ R* ( u =TA/_5 9DE c «& u U8 V ` oA EE
9#/S R* (
Z5 @
5 F ( G%7* p%&/ V ' =(#/S p%Z&/8 L V ' .^
K1I Ph &%5 G 9j ` &* A( > 2
¸ j(
. !( !( (#/ |& p u
N 9 u 2
! #S 6
G ^ ` "n* p%&/ w F wE z L G
5
T * T ! - 2
A &@> ` w 4u1959%(22 ~%&* %7 p%0 %&/ F > EFu ) V
¼ 2
>( AS 1^ UT E* » =&%5 MZ
4 3@
( | 2G5 ¼ 9#/S 6 MZ ! » E G* G
6'* U
T ª p #S <
%&/ `
>
T 3 Z U6 3c 4 15G5 ,%b
5 )A (u
P¼ & » @
( ^S !( w v& * 6^ kX>$ @
5 * ^ 1
\(1961(20
p
A 9DE %2 ` 6& ª z &5 &A %&/ a5 * oA )5 !( >
/% a &T 3,
@S U6 k
< 1961( 20 %&/ kQ G#Fu 7 * .j !T
\n %D& ` k4_5 *2 kE zu 9#/S* &5 T k
Tu E&
Z& R&N A
z P197810 ~%&* G%7 %&/ ,E&/* k^ z 2
3A/_5
K2IP¼
= ´ » 3%
:7E &@> ` !n ]^ X ( (T ) p cL 1985
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ا'اD
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(2 ) Sur ces chartes constitutionnelles. v.nos études citée, supra, not, 14.
50
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